Traditional customs of the Buyi people

The website photo location is the Buyi people, a large ethnic minority in southwestern China. Evolved from the ancient officials, they were called "Southwest Man" in the Tang Dynasty,"Fan" and "Zhongjia Man" in the books after the Song and Yuan Dynasties,"Zhongman" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and "Zhongman" in the Republic of China,"Zhongjia","Shuihu","Yi nationality","Tubian","local","Raojia", etc. From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the Buyi and Zhuang ethnic groups were called "Liliao","Manliao" or "Yi Liao". It now ranks 12th among the 56 ethnic groups in the country.

The main settlement of the Buyi people is in Guizhou Province, and its Buyi population accounts for more than 97% of the total Buyi population in the country. There are two Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefectures in southern and southwestern Guizhou Province, as well as Zhenning Buyi and Miao Autonomous County, Guanling Buyi and Miao Autonomous County, and Ziyun Miao and Buyi Autonomous County, where the Huangguoshu Waterfall is located in Anshun Prefecture. There are also more than 100,000 Buyi people distributed in Guiyang City. Buyi people live in Pan County and Liuzhi County in Liupanshui and Zhijin County in Bijie Prefecture. Buyi people outside the province are scattered in Yunnan, Sichuan, and northern Vietnam.

The Buyi people also have their own language. They belong to the Zhuang-Dong language group of the Sino-Tibetan family and have close relatives with the Zhuang language. In the 1950s, the Latin Buyi language was created with the help of the government. The Buyi people have been mainly agriculture since ancient times. The Buyi ancestors began to grow rice very early and enjoy the name of the "Rice Nation".

Most of the Buyi houses living in the Nanpan River Basin of Guizhou are pendulous buildings, known as Ganlan in ancient times. Animals and debris are piled at the bottom of the building, and people live upstairs. The Buyi people in the Huangguoshu Waterfall area used local materials and local rich thin stone materials to rebuild stone houses on the basis of dry railing buildings. Except for purlins and rafters, the entire house was built of stone. Coming to Buyi Village is like entering a magical stone kingdom. This kind of house is clean and beautiful, warm in winter and cool in summer, and can prevent wind, rain and fire. The Hongshui River Basin is also one of the most important forest areas in China.

The

is located in Guizhou's Buyi areas such as Zhenning and Anshun, which are rich in high-quality stone, and there are also large, thin and basically uniform, flat stone slabs that can be uncovered layer by layer. This thin stone comes from aquatic shale. The local Buyi people adapted to local conditions, built stone stone houses with national characteristics, using local materials and using stone materials. The stone house is built with stone strips or stones, and the walls can be built up to five or six meters high. The roof is covered with stone plates and paved into neat diamond shapes or scales with the materials. The stone houses are not only impervious to rain, but also simple and beautiful. The roof is as heavy as light as it is, living in peace without depression. In short, except for the sandal strips and rafters, which are wood, the rest are all stone. Even the tables, stoves, pots, pestle, mills, troughs, vats, basins, etc. used daily in the family are all chiseled out of stone. Everything is simple and honest. This kind of house is warm in winter and cool in summer, moisture-proof and fire-proof, but has poor lighting.

In Chengguan Town, where the county government of Zhenning Buyi and Miao Autonomous County, which was known as "Silver Zhenning" in ancient times and was known as "Silver Zhenning", most of the houses are built of stone, and there are dozens of stone buildings on the third and fourth floors. Because the stone is light grayish-white and appears more crystal clean after processing, when looking at Zhenning during the day, silver light shines; when looking at Zhenning on a moonlit night, frost covers snow. Moreover, the stone buildings in the town have a long history of more than 600 years of ups and downs, so they can be regarded as both solidified music and immortal epic.

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and the costumes of the Buyi people are very unique, and the costumes are mostly blue, blue and white. Men's clothing styles are basically the same everywhere. There are mostly head handkerchiefs, and the head handkerchiefs are striped and pure blue; the clothes are double-prung short clothes, usually white inside and blue outside, and trousers are trousers; the elderly mostly wear short clothes with big sleeves or blue or blue long dresses, and wear cloth socks on their feet. The costumes of modern Buyi women vary from place to place. Women wear large plumes and short clothes, and some wear long pleated skirts. In the Biandan Mountain area where the Buyi people live, girls like to wear corded short clothes, satin belts, brocade head handkerchiefs, thick hair braids tied headscarves, brocade patterns and several circles of hair braids on their foreheads, trousers and embroidered shoes.

Young women like to wear batik pleated skirts, slanted plumes, and embroidered shoulders. Two rows of small square semicircular patterns are embroidered with various flower threads along the shoulders. The brocade is thrown on both sides of the collar, and the color is eye-catching; The middle of the sleeves is brocade, and the upper and lower sections are batik; The hem of the clothes is about one inch of brocade border. Wear an embroidered or brocade waist on the chest, and a light-colored satin belt; Wear a brocade headscarf, and a bunch of various threads hangs around your ears. Married people wear "genkao" headwear, made of bamboo shoot shells and cloth, shaped like a dustpan, round in front and square in back. During major festivals or banquets, women still like to wear a variety of silver ornaments such as earrings, rings, collars, hairpins and bracelets.

Buyi families live separately. However, although the brothers were separated, when distributing property, they had to leave the land for the elderly to their parents, and the brothers would take turns farming. After the death of his parents, the nursing field was turned into a grave field for tomb cleaning during the Qingming Festival. So that future generations will always remember the sincere instructions and kindness of their elders. Self-marriage is implemented, and singing pairs are required when picking up relatives, commonly known as singing to sisters; on the night when the bride arrives at the husband's house, activities are held to sing a purse song and ask for a purse. There is a saying that "one night, one night, one night."

If a Buyi child is frail and sick, his parents will find him a protector, godfather or godmother. There are two ways to find godfather and godmother: one is to wait at home on a day, and the first person to come to the door within three days will be the child's protector; the other is to choose an auspicious day for parents to lead the child and wait for the first passing pedestrian on the road.

The Buyi people eat rice and corn as their staple foods, supplemented by wheat, sorghum, potatoes and beans. There are wooden cans, tripod cans cooking rice, oil braised rice, erhe rice (rice mixed with shredded corn, also called rice), rice cake, rice flour, two cakes, pea flour, rice tofu and other colorful varieties. Among them, glutinous rice balls, flower rice and sesame oil cake made from glutinous rice are the most well-known and are mostly used to worship ancestors or entertain guests. Their meat mainly comes from livestock and poultry, and they also love to prey on squirrels, bamboo rats and bamboo insects. Most cooking methods include boiling, boiling, frying, marinating, and freezing. Generally, raw food is not eaten.

Some members of the Buyi branch do not eat dog meat. One explanation is that dogs once saved their ancestors. Another explanation is that humans did not have rice before. It was dogs who brought rice back from Tianshen's grain drying farm to the Buyi people. The Buyi people became the earliest "rice nation" among humans to grow rice. Some members of the Buyi branch do not eat fish, because it is said that the earliest mother of the Buyi people was the daughter of the Dragon King, a "divine fish".

Wine plays a very important role in the daily life of the Buyi people. After the autumn harvest every year, every family brews a large amount of rice wine and stores it for year-round drinking. The Buyi people are generous and hospitable. All relatives, friends, old friends, and strangers who come to the village will treat each other with wine. No matter how much the visitor drinks, as long as the guest arrives, the wine comes first, which is called "Welcome Wine." When drinking, use bowls instead of cups, and perform orders, guess punches, and sing. Buyi people are very polite, so they do not welcome guests who are full of foul language and rude.

The Buyi people also have many traditional snacks, such as rice flour, two cakes, pea flour, rice tofu, etc. Especially during the lunar calendar every year, the "February 2","March 3","April 8", the Dragon Boat Festival,"June 6","July half", and the Mid-Autumn Festival are all grand festivals. On April 8, many Buyi people use various plant branches and leaves such as maple leaves, yellow rice flowers, and dyed rice flowers to dye glutinous rice into colorful colors, and make glutinous rice to entertain guests and distribute it to relatives and friends.

The culture and art of the Buyi people are also colorful. Traditional dances include "Bronze Encouraging","Weaving Dance","Lion Dance","Sugar Bag Dance", etc. Traditional musical instruments include suona, yueqin, dongxiao, wooden leaf, flute, etc. Local opera and lantern opera are popular operas among the Buyi people. The Buyi soil cloth woven by farmers themselves has a long reputation. Enterprises specializing in the production of Buyi brocade, batik cloth and national craft clothing have been established one after another. The products are exported to Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe and the United States. The Buyi music "eight-tone sitting singing" in southwestern Guizhou is known as the "living fossil of sound" and the "sound of nature".

The Buyi people believe in their ancestors and various gods. Every "February 2" they sacrifice to the "earth god" to protect the peace of the whole village, kill chickens and pay homage to ancestors, and eat two-color (white and black) glutinous rice; On June 6, they sacrifice to the Tian God, the Earth God and the Mountain God. After the sacrifice, they use chicken blood to dip them into various paper flags, or make them into big birds and place them in each field.

There is also a quasi-artificial religion between primitive religion and theological religion-Moism. It is still the traditional religion believed by most Buyi people. There is also a special religious profession, Bumo. The religious professions are divided into "Bumo" and "Moya", and the Buyi people call it "Lao Mo" or "Mo Gong". In addition, there is a relatively complete sacrificial classics-the Mo Sutra (known as one of the "Five Treasures of Buyi "). The numerous Mo Sutra can be roughly divided into multi-volume versions of the" Funeral Sutra "and" Ancient Xie Sutra "used in funeral activities. There are also a wide variety of miscellaneous scriptures used for the purpose of exorcising evil spirits, praying for blessings and eliminating disasters.

The Buyi people, like the Han people, have many taboos. On the first day of the New Year, they do not open bins, sweep the floor, comb their hair, and dry their clothes. No soil is broken from the first day to the third day, and no knives are used on the 15th day of the first month. The vegetables can only be broken by hand. It is forbidden to bury graves in front of the village and behind the village. Outsiders are prohibited from entering the village when sweeping the village, and outsiders are prohibited from entering the house when exorcising ghosts. Married girls are prohibited from giving birth to children at their parents 'homes. If there are pregnant women in the home, red cloth and bamboo hats are hung at the door to prevent people from entering the home. Men are not allowed to enter the house where women give birth. It is forbidden to whistle and sing love songs in the house. People who die abnormally should not use drums to announce their funeral.

Especially when visiting the homes of Buyi people, you are not allowed to touch the shrines and altar tables, and it is forbidden to trample on the tripods by the fire pond. No one is allowed to touch or cut down the mountain god trees and arhat trees in Buyi villages. Buyi people must send even numbers when giving gifts.