[Qian Yongping] On the combination of productive protection of intangible cultural heritage and inclusive economic development
[Abstract] Lingshang Embroidery Company of Shanxi Province takes the manual embroidery skills inherited in Lingshi County and Jiaokou County as the core, and has established an embroidery industry organization consisting of design, production, marketing and sales links.
It carries out embroidery skills training for rural women, continuously improves the design level of embroidery products, opens up the manual embroidery consumer market, and successfully transforms embroidery from cultural resources into cultural industries.
From the perspective of intangible cultural heritage protection, this not only recreates the new cultural ecology of local handmade embroidery, but also provides employment opportunities for local women, increases economic income, and makes positive contributions to sustainable social development, especially inclusive economic development.
[Keywords] Embroidery intangible cultural heritage productive protection inclusive economic sustainable development
[Introduction to the author] Qian Yongping 1977-), female, from Qi County, Shanxi Province, Doctor of Literature, associate professor of Jinzhong Cultural Ecology Research Center, Jinzhong University.
Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030619)
1.
Heritage protection and sustainable development concepts
The term "sustainable development" is widely used in all fields of contemporary society.
From the perspective of the common destiny of mankind, the connotation of sustainable development mainly means that contemporary development cannot be achieved at the expense of the survival and development needs of future generations, emphasizing intergenerational equity.
At present, this concept has gradually become one of the main theoretical bases for countries to formulate social development policies.
The relationship between cultural heritage protection and sustainable social development has also received increasing attention.
In the field of world heritage, the concept of sustainable development as a value orientation has been guiding specific protection practices *.
In 2012, the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO decided to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage as "World Heritage and Sustainable Development: The Role of Local Communities." In 2016, UNESCO's "Implementation Practice Guide"(referred to as the "Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention Practice Guide") specially added a chapter to list intangible cultural heritage from four aspects: inclusive social development, inclusive economic development, environmental sustainable development, and peace and security.
Cultural heritage (referred to as "intangible cultural heritage") plays an important role in sustainable development of society.
This shows that in the field of UNESCO and heritage protection, the transformation of protection concepts and paradigms is taking place in an all-round way.
The international community is facing the contemporary challenges faced by various types of heritage, especially the sharp conflict between protection and development, and is guided by the concept of sustainable development.
Cultural heritage has been regarded in terms of cognition and action as a contribution to sustainable social development rather than a burden for social development.
In my country, the integration of sustainable development as a protection concept and paradigm into the practice of intangible cultural heritage protection has received little attention.
It is necessary for us to discuss the relationship between my country's intangible cultural heritage protection practice and social sustainable development from four aspects: inclusive social development, inclusive economic development, sustainable environmental development, and peace and security.
Different from the initial "isolation protection" of material heritage from the public [Note], since the beginning of the protection of intangible cultural heritage, it has been taken into account with the inheritance community and the surrounding environment, emphasizing the integration of intangible cultural heritage and community life.
Moreover, the decisive carrier of inheriting intangible cultural heritage is people, and people must first be able to survive, which determines that intangible cultural heritage protection must maintain interaction with real life.
From this perspective, intangible cultural heritage protection has never been isolated from social changes, urbanization, industrial development and people's demands.
The key to the problem lies in how to coordinate their relationship.
We believe that in order to achieve the inherent unity of my country's intangible cultural heritage protection and the people's pursuit of a better life, the practice of intangible cultural heritage protection must match the concept of sustainable social development.
At the same time, in the field of intangible cultural heritage protection in my country, the number of projects included in the list of four-level intangible cultural heritage representative projects is very large.
It is unrealistic to rely solely on funds allocated by the state finance to carry out protection.
Therefore, it is crucial to improve the inheritors 'ability to self-inherit intangible cultural heritage.
important.
To this end, the state has proposed a productive protection policy to implement it in traditional crafts, traditional drug processing techniques and some arts and crafts intangible cultural heritage projects, encouraging inheritors to adhere to the core elements and cultural characteristics of such intangible cultural heritage and make it enter the market and become a consumer commodity to obtain corresponding economic returns.
[Note] This is a reflection of the government's reliance on the market and guiding the self-development of intangible cultural heritage inheritors.
In the development of the market economy, too many intangible cultural heritage projects in Jinzhong area that were originally formed to meet people's own living needs or kill leisure time have become smaller and smaller.
These intangible cultural heritage projects often have high artistic value, aesthetic value and commercial value.
However, due to the lack of organizers familiar with the market, inheritors cannot rely on intangible cultural heritage to obtain economic benefits, and their enthusiasm for inheriting intangible cultural heritage has been frustrated.
How these intangible cultural heritage adapt to the development of the market economy through productive protection is also a question that must be considered in intangible cultural heritage protection.
The practice of Shanxi Lingshang Embroidery Company for short as "Lingshang Embroidery") provides us with a practical case for reference.
2.
Practice and enlightenment on the productive protection of intangible cultural heritage of Lingshang embroidery
1) Build a market ecology in which traditional embroidery continues to be passed down in contemporary times
The essence of productive protection of intangible cultural heritage is that under market economy conditions, intangible cultural heritage can still achieve positive inheritance.
The superb level of inheritance and profound cultural heritage contained in intangible cultural heritage are not the only evaluation criteria for the market.
The maintenance of its market vitality depends on whether mutually cooperative industrial links can be formed.
The inheritors of Lingshang embroidery skills are mainly rural women living in Lingshi County and Jiaokou County, Shanxi Province.
These two counties are typical hilly and mountainous counties, rich in mineral resources such as coal tar.
In recent years, with the decline in domestic energy prices, the income of people engaged in related industries in the two counties has dropped sharply, and cultural industries with a mass base have gradually become popular among people.
For a long time, men go out to make money and women take care of the elderly and children at home are the main family life patterns in rural areas of Lingshi and Jiaokou counties.
In relatively closed villages, handicrafts such as embroidery are the main ways for local women to pass their time.
The form of passing down from mother to daughter, passing down from mother-in-law, and sharing with the village continues to this day.
Around 2007, LXL, a native of Lingshi County who worked in Beijing, accidentally discovered that Beijing citizens and foreigners working in Beijing liked the handmade embroidery she brought from her hometown very much.
She asked her sister, who was good at embroidery, to do handmade embroidery first, selling it among friends and colleagues.
Sales among her popularity gradually expanded, and embroidery products exceeded demand.
So she began to attract skillful rural women from Lingshi County and Jiaokou County to participate in the production of handmade embroidery products.
In 2008 and 2014 respectively, Lingshang Embroidery Production Base was established in Huilong Township, Jiaokou County, Lvliang City, and Yinfang Village, Jingsheng Town, Lingshi County, Jinzhong City [Note].
With the support of the government, embroidery skills training courses are regularly opened at production bases and other counties and cities in Jinzhong to provide centralized training for local people who are willing to learn embroidery.
On this basis, rural women with good embroidery skills were selected to complete embroidery works with designated themes.
After recycling, mounting or re-processing, the base will transport them to Beijing and send them to sales nationwide.
With the gradual expansion of production and sales scale, LXL established Lingshang Embroidery Company in 2014.
With handmade traditional embroidery techniques as the core, it produces various embroidery products and sells them to the market.
According to market feedback, embroidery handicrafts of small size are most popular among consumers.
They are mainly bookmarks, card clips, necklaces, car key chains, fans, bags, storage boxes, wind chimes, etc.
with embroidery as the main element, as well as small screens, small ornaments, pillows, etc.
that can be placed and hung; followed by clothing customization, mainly embroidery on cheongsam, scarves, shirts, and shoes; third, handmade embroidery paintings based on China paintings, oil paintings, and photography; Fourth, capture the classic landscapes of Jinzhong City and make high-end embroidery tourist souvenirs.
In 2012, the largest order received by Lingshang Embroidery was 1650 double-sided embroidery ornaments for X Group's Spring Festival Gala souvenirs.
In 2014, the largest order received by Lingshang Embroidery was 2000 double-sided embroidery ornaments from X Import and Export Corporation; in 2016, the largest order received by Lingshang Embroidery was 6000 small double-sided embroidery ornaments for the annual meeting gift of Company X in Japan.
From 2008 to 2017, Lingshang Embroidery Company's total annual sales ranged from 6.5 million yuan to 10 million yuan.
With the efforts of LXL, traditional embroidery skills spread among rural women in Lingshi County, Jinzhong City and Jiaokou County, Lvliang City have been turned into a cultural industry for public consumption by Lingshang Embroidery Company.
As a cultural industry, the key to the success of Lingshang Embroidery lies in relying on traditional embroidery techniques to build a team covering four fields: design, production, marketing and sales.
It cooperates with universities to carry out design and marketing activities for embroidery products, and is staffed by professional managers.
Responsible for product sales to major customers; In the embroidery production process, production contracts were signed with more than 600 embroiderers from Lingshi County, Jiaokou County, Pingyao County, and Wenxi County.
At the same time, 13 embroiderers with high technical levels were identified, and product types and themes were designated.
They specially embroidered various products, and there was a special person responsible for controlling the quality of embroidery products.
During the development process, Lingshang Embroidery relied on various product fairs and expos provided by the government and cultural institutions to conduct intensive display and publicity, thereby obtaining a large number of overseas orders.
Currently, it exports and sells various small embroidery cultural and creative products to Europe through the international market channels of Yiwu Commodity City, and at the same time, it began to develop the domestic college student souvenir market.
On this basis, Lingshang Embroidery Company actively launched the "Embroidery Entering Campus" public welfare activity, and launched embroidery culture promotion activities in Lingshi County Vocational Middle School, Jinzhong Vocational and Technical College, Jinzhong College, China Opera Academy, and Beijing Forestry University in the form of embroidery classroom teaching, video live broadcast, pattern design competition, and MBA marketing case debate competition.
From the perspective of intangible cultural heritage protection, the embroidery experience activities aimed at students are an active promotion of intangible cultural heritage and play an irreplaceable role in cultivating the interest and protection awareness of the younger generation in intangible cultural heritage; from the perspective of industrial development, it is cultivating embroidery enthusiasts and potential consumers.
2) Form a inheritor training model that meets market needs and local realities
As a high-end cultural product, Lingshang embroidery is time-consuming and labor-intensive to produce.
To deliver products to customers on time, a large number of high-level embroidery workers are needed.
In order to find good embroiderers, Lingshang Embroidery Company adopted an open personnel training method.
Since 2008, about 10,000 women have received embroidery skills training from Lingshang Embroidery Company.
Currently, there are about 600 to 700 embroiderers who can make embroidery according to Lingshang Embroidery Company's requirements and standards.
Under normal circumstances, once the news that Lingshang Embroidery Company is conducting embroidery training in Lingshi and Jiaokou is out, it will quickly spread locally.
The age of applicants is mainly between 30 and 49 years old.[Note] The training time of Lingshang Embroidery Company is generally set during the winter and slack season every year and lasts until the beginning of spring of the next year.
8-12 trainings can be carried out, each training lasting about 3-15 days.
Generally, those with excellent embroidery skills explain the basic knowledge of embroidery, demonstrate and guide embroidery techniques, and provide free embroidery materials to students, so that beginners can learn and practice and gradually master embroidery skills.
Through exchanges and learning during the training period, women who like embroidery are brought together.
Gather together and exchange experiences with each other, allowing them to learn freely, flexibly and easily in a way they recognize.
Those embroiderers who are unwilling to embroider at home can also go to the production base to do work.
This training method is compatible with the daily rhythm of local rural women, absorbs the traditional learning methods shared and open by local women during embroidery, and is widely accepted by the public.
It has played a role in discovering, cultivating, gathering and protecting outstanding embroidery talents in the inheritance process of local embroidery.
The role of embroidery talents has built a new cultural ecology for the continued inheritance of local traditional handmade embroidery, and curbed the decreasing trend of inheritors of traditional embroidery techniques.
3) Correctly grasp the relationship between skill inheritance and product innovation
Excellent intangible cultural heritage inheritors should have the characteristics of not only inheriting the essence of their predecessors 'skills, but also pioneering and innovating.
As far as Lingshang embroidery is concerned, on the basis of mastering traditional embroidery techniques and according to market needs, the embroiderers create new embroidery methods and color matching techniques, enhancing the artistry of embroidery works.
From the perspective of inheritance, embroiderers master traditional embroidery techniques through observation and practice of old-fashioned items such as bellies, embroidered shoes, wallets, and costumes passed down by their predecessors, and create embroidery that meets the needs and aesthetic tastes of current people.
Only in this way can we achieve the orderly inheritance of traditional skills and intangible cultural heritage between generations.
In the development of traditional folk crafts in my country, it is common for the relationship of "skill inheritance-product innovation" to be reversed.
National entrepreneur Du Zhongyuan once sadly commented on Jingdezhen ceramics in the early 20th century: "The porcelain needed by society cannot be made, but what comes out are all old styles that do not know how to improve, and are not welcomed by society.
As a result, national porcelain was gradually overthrown by foreign porcelain, especially Oriental porcelain sold well in various provinces." [Note] In fact, this situation still exists in contemporary times.
Many inheritors of traditional crafts can only make products passed down by their predecessors, but cannot make items that are appreciated by modern people.
This stereotyped inheritance method has also caused contemporary people to misunderstand intangible cultural heritage, believing that traditional crafts can only make outdated "old-style" things, thus creating the impression that "traditional crafts are useless", which greatly weakens the foundation of contemporary folk traditional crafts.
society.
In 2015, the Ministry of Culture launched the "Training and Training Plan for Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritors in China", which shows that the national authorities have realized that although intangible cultural heritage inheritors of traditional crafts have superb skills, they lack the ability to combine these skills with current people's lives.
Work design and marketing capabilities, we hope that this situation will be improved through this plan [Note].
In this regard, Lingshang Embroidery Company has set a model for combining traditional craftsmanship intangible cultural heritage with product design and marketing.
In the process of market-oriented industrialization, the company correctly grasps the law of "skill inheritance-product innovation".
While continuously inheriting and absorbing the essence of traditional embroidery skills, it cooperates with university designers to make bold innovations in product types, product patterns and shapes, and selects photography, paintings, and paintings that are in line with contemporary aesthetic tastes.
The pattern is the basis, and with the powerful expressive power of traditional embroidery techniques, embroidery supplies that are popular among contemporary people are produced, enabling traditional embroidery techniques to smoothly achieve "shifting steps without changing shapes" in the process of inheritance.
For the intangible cultural heritage of traditional art such as handmade fabrics, paper-cutting, and folk carvings in Jinzhong, which have a huge stock but are not optimistic about inheritance, the productive protection experience of intangible cultural heritage gained during the development of Lingshang embroidery has positive reference and inspiration.
The most important thing is that talents who understand modern marketing need to join the intangible cultural heritage, so that people who understand intangible cultural heritage and the market can create all indispensable links of the intangible cultural heritage industry together.
How to attract this kind of talent? This is a practical problem that the local government and intangible cultural heritage inheritors in Jinzhong City urgently need to solve.
3.
The contribution of Lingshang embroidery to local inclusive economic development
An inclusive economy means eliminating income poverty and hunger, reducing inequality, and ensuring decent work and productive employment.
It means achieving stable, equitable and inclusive economic growth based on sustainable production and consumption patterns.[Note].
It is one of the four core contents listed in "Protecting Intangible Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development at the National Level" in UNESCO's "Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention Operational Guide".
[Note] During our survey, we found that the industrialization development of Lingshang Embroidery has promoted the development of the local inclusive economy.
1) Providing productive employment and decent work for local rural women
While encouraging States parties to pay attention to the role played by intangible cultural heritage in productive employment in the community, the UNESCO Operational Guidelines specifically emphasize "focusing on its adaptability to family and home conditions and its relationship with other forms of occupation." [Note] In the case of Lingshang Embroidery, most of the women who worked with Lingshang Embroidery lived in rural areas, with the age of 30-50 years old.
Their education level was mainly in junior high school and senior high school.
They were married and had children.
They are dragged down by their families and are unable to go out to work.
They take care of the elderly at home and cook meals for their children at school on time.
They have no jobs, are heavily dependent on men financially, and lack cash sources.
After working, these rural women have more free time, and gathering together to do some female prostitutes has become their main way of life to pass their time.
Women in this age group have visual advantages compared with older women.
Compared with younger women, they can calm down more and do embroidery without distracting thoughts.
They have become the main force of spiritual embroidery.
Under the leadership of Lingshang Embroidery Company, the existing lifestyle of rural women in Lingshi County, Jiaokou County and other places in Shanxi Province has been continued.
They can not only take care of their families, but also use their spare time to do embroidery to earn cash and subsidize their families.
Compared with intensive production in factories in general, embroiderers have flexible and diverse working methods.
They can not only do embroidery at the production base, but also bring materials home to do it.
This highly humane form of "home handicraft skills" employment is very popular among rural women, allowing local rural women to earn money "without leaving their homes, not leaving their homes," which allows them to gain respect and recognition from society and promotes the development of rural society.
Rural women's enthusiasm for learning embroidery skills is unprecedentedly high, and the village inheritance method of Shanxi embroidery has seen a gratifying situation.
2) It has increased the economic income of rural women and contributed to farmers 'poverty alleviation
Lingshang Embroidery Company has gradually formed an operating model of "company + cooperative + farmer" based on the actual situation of rural areas in Shanxi and combined with the company's development.
The company provides rural women with unified raw materials, unified training technology, unified guidance and acceptance of embroidery products, unified brand packaging, unified sales operations to ensure the quality and sales of embroidery products.
In this process, the embroidery level of the embroiderer determines the quality of the embroidery.
Therefore, piece-by-piece remuneration is the main method for Lingshang Embroidery Company to pay the embroidery expenses to the embroiderer.
Among them, the payment for each piece of embroidery is 15-25 yuan for double-sided sewn small embroidery as key chains, bookmarks, necklaces and other finished components.
For an embroidery painting priced at more than 5000 yuan, based on the time and the precision of manual embroidery, the embroiderer can get half or more of the total sales price.
Embroidery, who has worked with Lingshang Embroidery for a long time, has a regular annual income of between 5000 yuan and 20000 yuan based on the number of embroideries produced.
Compared with not having any income in normal times, you can earn income by doing embroidery in your spare time at home.
This is a very popular option among local rural women.
On this basis, Lingshang Embroidery established cooperatives in Jiaokou County and Lingshi County in 2008 and 2014 respectively.
They were rated as provincial model cooperatives by the Shanxi Province Department of Agriculture in 2012 and 2016 respectively.
The cooperative organized embroiderers from villages in the two counties.
In addition to paying remuneration on a piece-by-piece basis, they also directly absorbed more than 100 rural embroiderers with superb embroidery skills as shareholders of the cooperative in the form of embroidery products as shares.
As the embroiderers of the shareholders.
They enjoy the right to give priority to processing embroidery products, which directly links the benefits of the cooperative with the economic interests of the embroideries, and maximizes their work initiative.
The application of this kind of business thinking helps to avoid conflicts of interest and unhealthy competition among individual embroider mothers.
On the one hand, it promotes the development of the enterprise, and on the other hand, it allows embroider mothers to increase their economic income with their diligence and craftsmanship and become a direct beneficiary.
After obtaining stable economic income, the local embroiderers have the motivation to participate in the inheritance and promotion of intangible cultural heritage.
Due to its rich experience in skills training, Lingshang Embroidery Company relies on the deep mass base in rural areas of Jinzhong City and Lvliang City to actively participate in targeted poverty alleviation work in rural areas of Lingshi County, Shanxi Province since 2016.
The government allocates a fixed number of poor households every year, and a corresponding number of poor households that have been lifted out of poverty will be included as Lingshang Embroidery Company's poverty alleviation targets.
Lingshang Embroidery Company sends technical personnel to provide door-to-door guidance to provide one-on-one embroidery skills training to poverty alleviation recipients, and allows them to process embroidery for the company.
Poverty alleviation recipients who have reached an annual income of more than 3000 yuan for three consecutive years can be regarded as poverty alleviation.
Different from Shanxi Fenjiu, Old Vinegar, Pingyao Beef and other intangible cultural heritage projects that have long completed industrialization development, Lingshang Embroidery is one of the few cases in which Jinzhong National Cultural and Ecological Reserve has successfully transformed local intangible cultural heritage resources into cultural industries in recent years.
First, marked by the establishment of Lingshang Embroidery Co., Ltd., it represents a rising cultural industry in addition to the energy economy in the local area-the female handicraft industry.
Although it is not yet a pillar industry, But while promoting the inheritance of traditional handicrafts, it has also changed the values and outlook on life of rural women.
In 2016, the People's Government of Shanxi Province issued a policy to support the development of the women's handicrafts industry [Note], hoping that after such intangible cultural heritage serving people's lives is transformed into market-competitive cultural industries, it will benefit more rural women.
3) The industrialization of Lingshang embroidery avoids "commercial abuse"
UNESCO's "Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention Operational Guide" mentions the following two guiding opinions in many places in the two chapters "Business Activities Related to Intangible Cultural Heritage" and "Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development at the National Level".
The first is in the contents of "Income-generation and Sustainable Life","Productive Employment and Decent Work", and "Impact of Tourism on Intangible Cultural Heritage", it is pointed out that ensuring that intangible cultural heritage inheritors, relevant communities, and groups are the main beneficiaries [Note]; The second is to ensure the essential significance and vitality of intangible cultural heritage and avoid commercial abuse [Note].
Abuse mainly refers to the inappropriate and unprincipled development and use of intangible cultural heritage by businesses.
From the above explanation, we can see that in the process of industrialization of Lingshang embroidery, local rural embroidery mothers have benefited from it.
So it is worth paying attention to whether this poses a threat to the survival of traditional embroidery as an intangible cultural heritage project.
The "intangible cultural heritage + poverty alleviation" model, which is mainly in the form of industrialization, is becoming more and more common in our country.
Some researchers believe that the development and utilization of embroidery in the name of "intangible cultural heritage poverty alleviation" is integrated into a certain production chain, which reduces the cultural creativity of embroidery women in embroidery to a company's design products, resulting in the loss of the richness of traditional embroidery culture.
[Note] During the investigation of Lingshang Embroidery, we found that the embroider who cooperates with Lingshang Embroidery Company has considerable work freedom and flexibility.
In terms of cooperation form, the two parties form a contract based on the principle of voluntariness and reciprocity.
Employment and shareholder relationships; In terms of embroidery making, in addition to customized large-scale embroidery works, usually, a piece of Lingshang embroidery is completed by an embroider alone.
Due to the all-manual nature of embroidery, each embroider has its own different habits and styles.
In this way, even if the same pattern is used for embroidery, the final works will have their own styles.
For example, for a small embroidery decoration based on a peacock perched on a branch, since each embroider has its own different opinions on the peacock pattern, wiring, color matching, stitching, etc., the embroidered branches and peacock feathers are very different.
The color and charm of the shape and charm are very different.
It is precisely because of this essential characteristic of manual embroidery that Lingshang Embroidery Company measures the quality of each finished product based on the complexity, technical level and size area of the embroidery pattern under the payment method of piece-work.
Instead of using an embroidery standard to require and standardize the embroidery skills of all embroiderers, imprison the embroiderers 'self-imagination, and did not lower the level of traditional embroidery skills to cater to the market.
In this way, the diversity and creativity of the local embroiderers in embroidery skills will surely continue and will not shrink.
4.
Conclusion
In the past, under the development model dominated by the material and energy economy, the traditional crafts and traditional knowledge mastered by women, especially rural women, were often ignored.
The role of these women was also positioned as housewives who relied on men.
This gender cognition has greatly influenced contemporary intangible cultural heritage protection work.
Through the industrial management of Lingshang embroidery, the traditional embroidery skills inherited from rural women in Jinzhong and Luliang areas of Shanxi Province have been successfully transformed into economic production factors, promoting the combination of intangible cultural heritage productive protection practices and local inclusive economic development, and also changing The living conditions of rural women.
This is consistent with the spirit advocated by UNESCO's "Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention Operational Guide".
Its positive significance is that "it helps communities that inherit and practice this heritage improve living standards, promote local economic development, and enhance social cohesion." [Note]
In the international community, as the understanding of heritage protection continues to deepen, one interpretation of the importance of human heritage is that it is a gift given to us in the past, protected in the present, and left to future generations.
Therefore, the protection of intangible cultural heritage is inherently consistent with the concept of sustainable development focusing on future generations of mankind.
Intangible cultural heritage protection and social development should be regarded as an overall goal, so that intangible cultural heritage can help sustainable development of society and form a spontaneous driving force for intangible cultural heritage inheritance.
and long-term mechanism, this should be the ultimate goal of intangible cultural heritage protection, utilization and innovation.
(This article was published in "Cultural Heritage", issue 1, 2019, with the annotations omitted, and refer to the original issue for details)