Jino customs and habits

Jino is an ancient ethnic minority. Keno is a national self-proclaimed person. In the past, it was often transliterated as "You Le" in Chinese, which means "following behind my uncle". It is extended to "the nation that respects my uncle." In June 1979, it was recognized as the ethnic group and became the 56th ethnic group in China. The Jino people call themselves "Keno", which means "descendants of their uncle" or "a nation that respects their uncle." It is mainly distributed in Jinuo Township, Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and the rest are scattered in the surrounding mountainous areas of Jinuo Township. Mainly engaged in agriculture and good at growing tea.

The Jino people have their own language and belong to the Tibetan-Burmese language group of the Sino-Tibetan family. Because there is no writing, in the past, I relied on carving bamboo and wood to record records. The Jino people believe that all things have spirits, worship their ancestors, and respect Zhuge Kongming.

Jino people's houses are generally dry lan-style bamboo buildings with thatched roofs. Most of them are for a small family to live in a bamboo building, including all members of a patrilineal family. Houses vary in size due to economic conditions: bachelors, widows or poorer people are mostly one-story bungalows or buildings with small pillars, and the houses are relatively narrow; wealthy families often build buildings with large pillars, with higher frames and spacious and comfortable. People live in bamboo buildings, while livestock and debris are raised downstairs. Houses are generally built in flat, leeward places, close to the water source, which is convenient for raising pigs, chickens and livestock, and for cleaning. After the preliminary selection of the house building address, when the sun sets, insert the "Daliu", a magic weapon made of bamboo strips). Parents who build houses at night have a good dream and believe that they can build houses here; if they have a nightmare, they believe that they cannot build houses here. If the scene in the dream is not clear, you will have to add "Daliu" the next day. Such a ceremony can be held three times. The day before going up the mountain to cut wood, a pig and a chicken were to be killed. Please ask Mao Pi (wizard) to pray. Then go up the mountain and cut down a tree with leaves on the top, bring it back to make rafters, and tie a bundle of bamboo strips and a handful of thatched grass to put behind the old house. Invite the village father, village mother and wizard to dinner. The next day, the elderly people from the village community were invited to go up the mountain to select trees. First, they killed dogs to sacrifice to the tree god and the forest god, and then cut down two pillars that used to kill cattle when sacrificing to the god and tied cattle when raping buffalo. After cutting enough beams and pillars, we set them on the mountains in the sun, and then asked relatives and friends to help cut grass and tie straw rafts. After the beams and pillars on the mountain were chiseled, everyone helped carry them back to the stockade, dug the foundation, and building the house officially began. Dogs must be killed when erecting pillars. The skull of bamboo rats and the toes of dogs must be placed in the pillar pit. Dog blood must be smeared on the pillars to drive away evil spirits. The columns must be carried out before sunset to avoid people being buried in the column holes. Some betel nuts, 3 pieces of taro and 3 pieces of ginger, 3 pieces of taru and 3 pieces of copper should be buried in the pillar hole. A grand sacrificial ceremony will be held on the day of the pillar. Kill pigs, chickens, and dogs will be sacrificed to the gods. Blood will be smeared on the southeast pillar, and dog hair and chicken feathers will also be pasted. Ask the wizard to recite scriptures and ask the earth god to bless the homeowner and people. After the new house is completed, a new house loading ceremony will be held.

Jino women's jackets are collarless and folded. The upper half is mostly black cloth or white cloth. The lower half and sleeves are made of or embroidered with seven-color cloth such as red, blue, yellow, and white, and are trimmed with red. A white cloth about 3 inches square is sewn on the back of the jacket, and a round sun pattern is embroidered on it (Jino people call it moon flowers); the underwear is a belt-type tightsuit with a square upper part and a diamond shape at the lower part. The upper square is bright strip decoration pattern, and the lower diamond shape is embroidered with various patterns. There is a black seam skirt with red trim on the lower body, and about a foot of black cloth is wrapped around the calves. The hair is in a conical bun, which is placed on the right side of the back of the head before marriage and in the center of the forehead after marriage. Wear a cape-type pointed hat. This kind of pointed hat is made by folding in half a vertical pattern soil cloth about 60 centimeters long and 23 centimeters wide, sewing one side of it, and folding one edge about a finger on the brim of the hat.

The man wore a collarless jacket with a double-pronged earthen cloth on a white background. The back was sewn with a moon flower pattern embroidered on a white square cloth. He wore wide trousers that reached the knees and used white earthen cloth to bind his legs. Leave three tufts of hair on your head, one in the middle of the forehead, and one on each side of the forehead on the top of your head. However, in some villages, only one tufts are left, some are in the middle of your forehead, and some are above the top of your head. It is about an inch long. The head is wrapped with black cloth one foot wide and more than ten feet long.

Men and women of the Jino ethnic group have their ears pierced and worn engraved ear bells made of bamboo, wood or silver. After the founding of New China. Wearing three strands of hair and wearing ears is no longer popular for men. It is the custom for both men and women to have sex with teeth. The method is to place burned pear wood in a bamboo tube and cover it with an iron pot sheet. When the smoke grease on the iron sheet turns into a gray black lacquer shape, dye the teeth with pear wood smoke grease. Dyeing teeth is a sign of mutual love and respect. When young men and women are together, girls often bring iron pieces to the young man they admire and ask him to dye his teeth.

The Jino people live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and its adjacent areas in Yunnan Province, southern China. The Jinuo people are mainly engaged in agriculture and have a long history of growing tea, including the famous Pu 'er tea.

The Jino people are accustomed to eating three meals per day, eating rice as their daily staple food, mixed with corn, melons, etc. The Jino people are very particular about eating rice. They must eat good rice. New rice and Chencang rice are mostly used to feed livestock or make roasted wine. Corn focuses on eating green. For breakfast, glutinous rice is usually squeezed into balls by hand and eaten. For lunch, the rice is wrapped in banana leaves and taken to the field with salt and pepper to eat at any time. In addition to the staple food of rice, there are also some dishes for dinner. Livestock and poultry raised by families can only be slaughtered during wedding and funeral ceremonies.

The vegetables commonly eaten by the Jino people include vegetables grown in the vegetable garden, bamboo shoots, wild vegetables, poultry, and game. There is a saying among the Jino people that is called "Han stir-fried, Dai dipped, and Keno pounded", which means that Han dishes like to stir-fry and eat, Dai dishes like to be dipped in seasonings, and Jino dishes are mainly pounded with mortar. Each family has at least two wooden mortars, one for pounding salt and chili, and the other for pounding vegetables. Commonly used seasonings include citronella, schizonepeta, ginger leaves, wild star anise, peppermint, ginger, toon, etc.

Usually, most of the meat sources rely on hunting. May to September every year is the rainy season in Keno Mountain. Almost all the vegetables here are collected up the mountain. The commonly eaten include yams, water celery, bamboo shoots, houttuynia cordata and various fungi. Among them, bamboo shoots are the most common. Rich game and mountain vegetables, coupled with local unique wild pepper, hemp root, citronella grass, and sour wood powder, enable the Jino people to cook many ethnic dishes with tropical mountain flavors in different seasons.

There are many ways to eat meat. You can make it dry or eat fresh meat. When boiling beef and dog meat, put a few pieces of yellow fruit leaves to remove the fishy smell. Cut the raw meat into small pieces, add spicy pepper, salt, star anise and other seasonings, hold it with bamboo and place it on the fire to bake it, or chop it into minced meat, and put it on top. Add seasoning, wrap it with banana leaves and place it in a fire pond to cook. This method is the most delicious when eaten cold.

Keno people cook and eat around the fire pond on the second floor of Zhulou, with certain etiquette and attention. When eating, the Jino people first sacrificed some food on the east side of the fire pond to sacrifice to their ancestors and the kitchen god. During eating, the whole family sat around a table next to the fire pond in order. The parents were facing the fire pond, and the guests sat against the fire pond. Serve meals to guests less and more frequently. It is generally not advisable to serve food for guests because they think that if they serve food for guests, it will mean that they will stop eating after eating the food they have picked. It is an impolite behavior. They believe that people have human souls, ghosts have ghosts, and grains have grain souls. Therefore, when eating, we cannot fill all the rice in the rice in the rice bowl. Even if the stomach is not full, we must leave some. Otherwise, the rice bowl will be empty and the grain soul will not come back again after flying away. People will have no food to eat.

During festivals and festive events, you should also eat "chopped raw", which means mixing raw meat with salt, chili, ginger, mint, leeks and other seasonings, and kneading it evenly with your hands until the meat is squeezed white and looks like it is cooked. Eat it like it is cooked.

The Keno people are accustomed to hanging their hunted squirrel meat on the edge of the fire pond in the bamboo building, smoking it with fireworks and roasting it into jerky, so that it will not be bad all year round. When eating, it will be sliced and cooked in soup. It will taste fresh but not greasy.

The favorite dish of the Jino people is sour fish. The method is to remove the scales and wash the fresh fish, mix it with spicy pepper, salt and hot rice, put it into a bamboo tube, cover the mouth of the tube with banana leaves, tighten it tightly, and wait until it is cooked and ready to eat. This dish has a special sour taste, delicious and delicious, and is a delicious accompaniment to rice.

Ant eggs are also a nutritious delicacy that the Jino people like. During the third, fourth and fifth months of the lunar calendar, cut the ant bags open and attach them with a bamboo basket. A larger ant bag gets seven or eight kilograms of eggs. Ant eggs are generally the size of chopstick heads, like bees and rich in nutrients. They can be boiled, stir-fried, steamed, put in a fire pond to burn, or put in salt, spicy pepper, and add water to make soup to drink.

Jino people generally like to drink alcohol, and there is a saying among the people that they cannot go without alcohol for a day. Most of the wine you drink is brewed from home-grown rice or corn. During the brewing process, some plants such as plum leaves are usually added. The wine is light green and has a natural aroma of plants. It is said to have the effect of strengthening the spleen and strengthening the body.

Jinuo Mountain is a famous tea-producing area. Pu 'er tea, which is well-known at home and abroad, is a local specialty. People like to drink old leaf tea. When drinking tea, they usually knead and stir-fry the old leaves, put them into a tea jar and add water to boil until the soup is thick.

Some Jino women in Maoe, Jiema and other villages have the habit of eating a unique local clay. Some elderly women have become addicted to eating soil and feel uncomfortable without eating it for a day. Studies have shown that this clay contains a small amount of copper, iron, calcium, zinc and other elements essential to the human body.

Jino youth are free to fall in love, but young men and women must hold a "coming of age ceremony" before they can qualify to fall in love. The young man is 16 years old and the young woman is 14 years old. After holding the coming-of-age ceremony, you will also accept the blessings of your parents. At the same time, you will also accept a full set of farm tools and adult clothing from your parents-a blouse embroidered with a moon flower emblem, and a tube handkerchief embroidered with a moon flower emblem and geometric patterns. The Jino love is divided into three stages: the first stage, which is called "Bapao" in Kino language, which means the secret dating stage. During this stage, gifts are given to each other, such as women giving betel nuts and flowers, and men returning straw tobacco, carefully carved sword handles and the like. The second stage, Kino calls it "Babao", which means the stage when love changes from secret to public. At this stage, more gifts were given to each other, and the most noble gift a man gave to a woman at this time was the gift meat given by the man's mother to the woman. When the man's home chickens, pigs, cattle or hunted wild animals, the man's mother would choose a piece of good meat wrapped in fresh banana leaves and wrap it into a square shape for her son to hand it over to her lover. The most important feature of this period was participating in social activities at night in the "Nigozuo"(public houses where men and women socialize), during which men made bamboo strips, girls embroidered and spun, or sang to each other. The woman can hand the iron piece stained with pear wood smoke grease to the man, and the man carefully paints his teeth with his fingers. In the third stage, Kino called it "Barry" in language, which means requesting cohabitation. When the man believes that the love between the two parties has reached the level of cohabitation, he can secretly tell the woman directly that after obtaining the woman's consent, he can cohabitation. Even if the man goes to the woman's house again after cohabitation, if the woman's door is not half-open, you are not allowed to break in at will. When cohabitation, a man should leave the woman's home before dawn. After a period of cohabitation, when both parties felt that they should form a family, the man carried water and swept the floor for the woman's house in the morning, telling the woman's parents and declaring to the world that he wanted to marry this girl. Soon, the man's parents and witnesses came to ask for marriage. On wedding day, the bride must hide before the wedding team arrives. At that time, they will be found by their mother's uncle and brother and handed over to the welcoming team. On the way to the groom's house, a sewage pouring ceremony is also held, in which a young man throws sewage on the bride. This is a young man who was originally in love with the bride and lived together, including partners in the blood clan (Many villages of the Jino people allow love and cohabitation within the blood clan, but prohibit formal marriage). Because she wanted to live at her husband's house and separated from her friends, throwing sewage was revenge on her.

bride came to the groom's house. The groom's mother gave the bride an egg and tied a red line on her hand, circling it three times. The groom's father would give her a chicken foot and tie a red line on her hand. It means not only tying the girl's heart, but also tying her soul. The village elders "Zhuo Sheng" and "Zhuo Ba" also came to congratulate them. People drank, sang, danced keno, beat sun drums, and had fun to celebrate the couple's wedding. On the night of the wedding, the bride was not allowed to go out. Early the next morning, the bride carried water home to boil water, asked her in-laws to wash her face, and formally called them fathers and mothers. Men can still "sneak" girls after marriage, while women generally do not participate in social activities after marriage. Divorce is rare.

Like many other ethnic groups, the Jino people also have many taboos and rules regarding fertility. First of all, women's taboos: After pregnancy, women cannot hold an ax between the wood when cutting firewood. Banana flowers without heads cannot be eaten. White ginseng, yellow fungi and single chicken brown flowers cannot be picked. Bamboo firewood and tree firewood cannot be carried together when carrying firewood, otherwise it will be difficult to produce labor. Double fruits cannot be eaten, otherwise twins will be born; the meat on the head of the beast and the pig's head called Gu Hun cannot be eaten, as eating will be detrimental to fertility and the growth of children. Don't watch the lunar eclipse, otherwise your child will tilt his eyes. Secondly, the husband's taboo is that the husband cannot cut down yellow palm trees while hunting, otherwise the child's hair will not grow well; he cannot hit monkeys, otherwise the child will not look beautiful; he cannot cut rock bees, if he cuts them, he will be stung. The old people in the stockade died and could not participate in carrying, beating snakes, climbing trees and picking fruits, or taking part in beating drums. They believed that if they violated any of these rules, their wives would have difficulty in childbirth. When hunting, the best and most beautiful birds must be killed. Only then can the wife eat them will the children grow beautiful. Once again, it is a common taboo for both couples. The husband cannot meet his wife head-on on the way back from hunting, otherwise he will get sick; the husband cannot quarrel, otherwise the child will become ugly.

Two months after his wife was pregnant, the husband began to prepare food for confinement, such as pheasants, white pheasants, bamboo rats, frog, etc., which were roasted and stored for postpartum consumption.

The pregnant woman gives birth in her own room. If she gives birth to a boy, she will prepare 9 slices of ginger and 7 slices of girls. Wear them with white thread and hang them around the child's neck, believing that they can scare away ghosts. After the child is born, he must be named immediately, otherwise the child may be snatched away by ghosts and gods. Implement the father-son and father-daughter joint name system. In special circumstances, such as the umbilical cord around the neck when a child is born, he will be named "Sha"; if the child is sick and asked to see a wizard (white wax soul), he will be named after the wizard's title, such as "white wax waist","white wax girl", etc.

After giving birth, the mother sleeps in a temporary bed beside the fire pond. The tableware of the pregnant woman is placed separately and not mixed with everyone's. Two leafed tung tree tips were inserted beside the gate of the family where the child was born to show that people from the outer village could not enter. Put some bamboo leaves and tung leaves on the door at the top of the stairs to prevent ghosts and gods from entering the house.

On the night of production, we must kill chickens and sacrifice our ancestors to bless the safety of adults and children. The wife gave birth to her first child, and the husband slept by the fire pond to take care of his wife. Thirteen days after giving birth, the husband killed a chicken and ate it for himself. He gave birth to a boy and killed a rooster, and gave birth to a girl and killed a hen. This chicken was dedicated to the hunting god. After living by the fire pond for 13 days, the mother moved back to her original room. Parents can only sing to their children during the day and cannot sing after sunset. Children's diapers can only be dried during the day and cannot be spent overnight outside the house.

The Jino people are buried in wooden coffins. If someone died in the stockade, the men in the village would go up the mountain to cut down a big tree, take a section of it, cut it in half, hollow out the middle, and cover the two halves after it was buried. There were three white lines around the coffin (some were lace woven from the deceased's girlfriend who had been in love but could not get married). After the person passed away, relatives dressed him well, placing an egg in one hand and two pieces of silver on his eyes. The burial items included clothes he wore during his lifetime, pipes, and production tools. If you are an old man, you should also put a fan and a towel, which means that he can cool off and wipe his sweat on the road. Then cover it with white cloth and park it in the guest room in the direction of Huotang.Two pieces of white machete cloth were hung on the beam above the body and hung all the way to the body. When the deceased got married, the bride knitted it all day and night and gave it to the groom. Each of the deceased's sons hung a new drum cloth next to the white cloth. Every few hours, check the drum cloth and find something like grain husks inside, indicating a good harvest; If there are one or two animal hair, it means that you will hit a big wild beast; if there are strips of bamboo strips, it means that you will be easy to make bamboo strips. If there is nothing, it is a symbol of disadvantage.

When entering the coffin, the "painted face" and the "bamboo pole dance" are performed, with five men dancing. The painted face represents that the ghost wants to eat the corpse, and the bamboo pole dance means using a bamboo pole to drive away the ghost. At the funeral, rice should be sprinkled and guns should be fired to drive away ghosts and gods. In front of the funeral procession were people carrying long human-shaped banners of various colors and white cloth. It is said that after a person dies and goes to Sujizumi (where ghosts live), there are 9 forks and 3 passes on the road. The colorful flag is a gift for each pass, and the human-shaped flag is a gift for the "Jiezhuo" official (Jiezhuo is the first place where the Jino people settled after moving to Keno Mountains). At the funeral, six bamboo tubes for meat and vegetables and one bamboo tube for bitter soup were prepared. The bitter soup was placed beside the village and dedicated to the ghosts of the village. The other six were taken to the cemetery and dedicated to the officials of various passes. On the day of the funeral, relatives and friends should be invited to dinner. They should send a bowl of vegetable rice and a pound of wine. Some elderly people also gave eggs, and a white line was used to wrap three times around the wrist of the deceased's family, with the male on the left and the female on the right, which means to tie their souls. Don't follow the deceased.

The cemetery is shared by the commune. The tomb pit is only dug more than one meter deep. After the pit is dug, you must use leaves to sweep the pit several times, otherwise, the digger will get sick. At the time of the funeral, a dog was immediately beaten to death and placed on the coffin and buried together. It is said that dogs can lead the way to ghosts in the underworld. A house was built on the tomb with straw rafts and bamboo strips, called a tomb shed. Sharp bamboo piles coated with dog blood were planted around the tomb shed. It is said that this is to make a savage who can eat corpses mistakenly think that the corpses have been eaten. When relatives and friends attending the funeral returned to the deceased's home, they had to mop grass to cover their footprints to prevent ghosts from following them home. When they arrived in front of the house, the crowd was divided into two sides and walked around the house. Once they entered the house, they had to wash their hands and feet with water. Relatives go to the tomb to offer meals twice in the morning and evening every day, with a 13-day round. The minimum will be a few months, and the maximum will be 1 to 2 years.

All Jino villages have public cemeteries, and tomb areas are divided according to clan names. The public base is small and cannot be expanded at will. It is said that expanding the area of ghosts is not good for the living. Therefore, when a newly dead person cannot be buried, the coffin bones that had been buried before must be dug up and thrown away, and a new coffin body is buried in the original cave. After death, foreigners cannot be buried in the original ancestral tomb area, but can only be buried on the edge of the village's public cemetery. Minors and murderers are not allowed to enter public cemeteries, and couples are not buried together. In the old days, families of all ethnic groups had their own "public cemeteries", and some of them had no special customs.