Traditional customs of the Oroqen people
Oroqen people are one of the smallest ethnic minorities in northeastern China. They are hunting people. Therefore, their food, clothing, housing, transportation, singing and dancing all show the characteristics of the hunting people. It mainly lives in the mountains and forests of the Daxinganling Mountains and speaks the Oroqen language. The Oroqen language belongs to the Tungus branch of the Altataic family and has no writing language. In the long-term hunting, production and social practice, the Oroqen people have created a rich and colorful spiritual culture, including oral creation, music, dance, plastic arts, etc.
Before the middle of the 17th century, it was mainly distributed in the vast area east of Lake Baikal, north of Heilongjiang, and up to Sakhalin Island. In the 1740s, Tsarist Russia invaded the Heilongjiang Basin, and the Oroqen people gradually moved south to the Da and Xiao Xing 'an Mountains on the south bank of Heilongjiang. They lived in the Humar River Basin, the Xun River, Zhan River, Wuyun River, Jiayin River Basin, and the Ali River Basin., Dobukur River Basin and Tuohe River Basin lived a hunting life.
Hunting is the survival need of the Oroqen people. They hunt in the vast forest of forests all year round. Hunting horses and hunting dogs are indispensable helpers for the Oroqen hunters and are called "hunters 'partners." The hunting horses and hunting dogs of the Oroqen people are very human. For this special reason, the Oroqen people generally do not kill horses and dogs, nor do they eat horse meat or dog meat.
Oroqen people use the Oroqen language, which belongs to the Tungus branch of the Altaic family Manchurian and Tungusic family. There is no native language. Chinese is generally spoken, and some Oroqen people also use Mongolian. Oroqen is also a nation with very developed singing literature, including legends, stories, myths, proverbs, riddles, ballads, jokes, allegorical sayings, etc. The long-form singing literature "Mosukun" is a treasure of the Oroqen folk literature. "Mosukun" uses a combination of rap and rap to tell the heroic story of "Mo Rigen" and his suffering life experience, which can be sung for several days or dozens of days. The language of "Mosukun" is smooth, rhyming, concise and simple, and the tunes do not change much. It is very pleasant to the ears and has a strong flavor of national tradition.
The Oroqen people believe in Shamanism, which has natural attributes and the concept that all things are animistic. This religion is closely integrated with the unique original concepts of this nation. Their religious forms are manifested in nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship."Shamans" and wizards) are envoys communicating between gods and humans. Shamanism believes in quite a number of gods. The natural gods worshipped by the Oroqen people include the sun god, the moon god, the Big Dipper god, the god of fire, the god of heaven, the god of earth, the god of wind, the god of rain, the god of thunder, the god of water, the god of grass, the god of mountain, etc. In addition to the worship of nature, the ancestors of the Oroqen also worshipped the totems of "Niuniuku Xiong" and "Lao Mashu". The Oroqen people avoided naming bears and tigers, but called them "Baorikan (god)","Nuoyan (official)","Wutaqi (master)". The worship of ancestors among the Oroqen people is very popular, and it still does today.
The costumes of the Oroqen people also fully show the characteristics of the hunting nation. The roe deer skins processed by Oroqen women are strong, soft and light. The roe deer leather coats and roe deer leather hats created to adapt to the cold climate and hunting life are unique and unique. The roe deer leather coat is called "Su 'en" in the Oroqen language. Most of the roe deer leather retains the true color of roe deer skin and is sewn with the tendons of roe deer into thin threads. Most of the form is a right-sided robe. The body is decorated with patterns such as "bow and scissors","antler shape", and "cloud roll shape", which are both beautiful and strong. The roe deer head hat of the Oroqen nationality looks like a roe deer head. It is vivid and realistic, warm and very exquisite and unique.
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Historically, the houses of Oroqen people mainly include "Xie Ren Zhu", delivery rooms, earthen cellars, woodcut houses, birch bark sheds (forest pan), cloth sheds (Maihan), Gaojiao warehouses (Olun), etc. The "Xierenzhu" is the most important house for the Oroqen ethnic group during hunting, and is conical in shape. The skeleton is made of main poles several meters long, trunks with branches and more than 20 "oblique kernels" trunks. The covering is a roe deer skin enclosure for winter, which requires more than 60 roe deer skins to be sewn. Birch bark, reed curtains and cloth enclosures are also used. The bunk directly opposite "Xie Renzhu" is called "Malu", which is a place for gods. Only male guests and male owners are allowed to sit and sleep. My son and daughter-in-law live in the bunk on the left, and my parents live in the bunk on the right. There is a fire pond in the middle, and an iron pot is hung. There is also a tripod to support the pot. "Olun" is a high-rise warehouse built in the forest to store temporarily unused clothing, dried meat, dried vegetables, grains, etc.
In the past, the Oroqen people's diet was mainly animal meat, supplemented by fish and wild vegetables. Later, rice and noodles were introduced. Oroqen people like to eat roe deer, deer, frog, wild boar, bear meat, but also eat small animal and bird meat. The main practices include boiling pork, barbecued meat, roast meat, stewed meat soup, dried meat dried meat, mixed cauliflower, infused serum, bone marrow oil, raw roe deer liver and kidneys, etc. Rice pasta mainly includes dough sheets, oily dough sheets, fried dough cakes, roasted noodles, noodle soup, fried noodles in oil, meat porridge, thick plum porridge, sticky rice, etc. Oroqen calls the oily noodles "Tuhulie". Pull the rolled noodles into rolling white water, take them out, mix with cooked meat slices, salt, wild chive flowers and other seasonings, and pour in heated wild boar oil or bear oil, mix well before serving. Thick plum porridge is a special way of eating by the Oroqen people. Put thick plums into the porridge and cook it, pop it to turn pink and eat it. It is beautiful and delicious.
The Oroqen people like to drink schisandra chinensis soup and birch juice. Every spring in May and June, a small mouth is cut in the root of the birch tree, and the birch juice will flow out, which is clear, transparent, sweet and delicious. Oroqen people also drink a kind of birch pulp called "Diergu color", peel off the outer skin of the birch, and gently scrape off the milky white sticky tree sap on the trunk with a hunting knife. The taste is sweet and refreshing.
Oroqen people respect the elderly and elders very much. The younger generation should be respectful and respectful in front of their elders, be orderly and behave appropriately. Before going out far and after returning, you must pay your respects to your elders. When you meet your elders while going out or hunting, you get off your horses at a distance away and go up on foot to greet you. You can only ride a horse after the elders have passed. The people of Oroqen are hospitable and treat others with sincerity, and guests must be sincere. Guests are kept for accommodation at night. There are differences between men and women among the Oroqen people. Male guests are not allowed to sit in daughter-in-law and girls 'bunks, and female guests are not allowed to sit in men's bunks. There is a etiquette for visiting each other among families of Oroqen people.
The taboos of the Oroqen people mainly include production taboos, women taboos, life taboos, nature taboos, animal taboos, etc. For example, before hunting, you cannot say how many prey you can catch, otherwise you will not be able to catch anything; women are not allowed to sit on the "horse road"; women are not allowed to spread bear skins; bears cannot be called bears, but called them "too close"; you cannot use knives or iron to stir fire, otherwise you will attack the Fire God; young people cannot call their elders by names, etc.
The traditional marriage of the Oroqen people is arranged by their parents, and monogamy is implemented. Indirect staggered marriage is also implemented. After the processes of proposing, identifying relatives, paying betrothal gifts and marriage, the betrothal gifts are mainly horses. Intra-clan marriage or sexual activity is strictly prohibited. Most marriages between men and women require a matchmaker to propose marriage. Generally, it takes three times, and the third time is particularly critical. After seeking success, agree on a date for identifying relatives and paying the betrothal gift. On the date of identification, the man must stay at the woman's house for 20 days to 1 month. The woman will change the future groom into new clothes trimmed with black leather and red cloth vests (embroidered with moire on the back and shoulders), and the future bride will have her hair combed into two braids and wrapped around her head, which is a sign of engagement. On the wedding day, the groom and his partners entered the woman's residence in the form of a horse race. After a series of ceremonies, the groom stayed at the bride's house that night. The next day the bride was taken to the groom's residence. The groom's hat has a mink tail and four embroidered streamers, the bride wears ornaments on her head, both men and women wear hunting knives, and the bride wears a cloth over her head when worshiping heaven and earth. The current form of marriage is basically the same as that of the Han nationality.
There are not many traditional festivals for the Oroqen people, only the Spring Festival, the clan's "Mokun" meeting and the religious event "Ominaren", and the Bonfire Festival. The main festival is Lunar New Year.
In modern times, the social organizational structure of the Oroqen people has undergone fundamental changes, and religious beliefs have also faded out of the Oroqen people's thinking. The "Mokun" Conference and "Ominaren" have been replaced by Bonfire Festival. Influenced by other ethnic groups, the Oroqen people also celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, New Year and other festivals. The Spring Festival is a happy day for the Oroqen people to celebrate the hunting harvest and bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. Therefore, the Oroqen people attach great importance to the Spring Festival.
Every year, June 18 is the traditional festival of the Oroqen ethnic group-Bonfire Festival. On this day, people in Oroqen light bonfires, sing and dance, and celebrate their own national festivals.
The music of the Oroqen ethnic group is mainly based on the folk song tune of "Zandawen", which is high and clear, accompanied by prolonged tones and trill, which is beautiful and beautiful. The lyrics of "Zandawin" were added impromptu, with simple language and strong emotions. The only instrument there is is a quill called the Pennuha or Kamuskan. Although the volume is weak, it can play various tunes.
Musical instruments include "Pengnuhua"(an iron harmonica) and "Wentuwen"(tambourine). Deer whistle and roe deer whistle are both production tools and early musical instruments. When the Oroqen people are singing and dancing, they often accompany them with these musical instruments.
The dances of the Oroqen people are divided into three categories: ritual dance, entertainment dance, and religious dance. The common feature is that they dance while singing. The action changes from slow to fast, and the action ends at the climax. Representative dances include "Yihe Nenen","Ihanen", Black Bear Fight Dance, etc. "Yihe Nenen" is a whole ethnic dance held every three years at the clan meeting. More than a dozen people form a group, each person lives in the center, and the rest dance hand in hand in a circle. In the past, this dance was performed when a clan gathered together to pass on family trees and genealogy. The black bear fighting dance performed by three people in the Oroqen Autonomous Banner imitates the content of black bears fighting and playing, and is very characteristic of the traditional culture of the Oroqen ethnic group. During the performance, each other shouted "Hamo" and "Hamo" sounds. First, the two of them performed a fight, and finally, the third party came forward to persuade them.
The burial ceremonies of Oroqen people mainly include wind burials (also known as tree burials), earth burials and cremation. Secondary burials of tree burials followed by earth burials are also implemented. Criminally ill young people and pregnant women are cremated. After a person dies, he puts on his clothes and places his head in the north and south in the "Xie Ren Pillar" where he originally lived, and covers his face with paper (in the past, he used birch bark, animal skin, etc.), which means that his soul will stick to the paper to the King of Hell as soon as possible. A series of mourning ceremonies can be held before the funeral can be held. Before the funeral, choose a hillside with mountains and rivers as a cemetery. The funeral was escorted by relatives and friends carrying the coffin. If the deceased has many children, ask the shaman to send the soul during the funeral to prevent the soul of the deceased from endangering the children. The family of the deceased made a grass figure, tied many strings to the grass figure, and the children each held a string. The shaman prayed. Finally, the shaman broke the string with a magic stick and threw the grass figure out, thinking that the soul of the deceased was far away. The people of Oroqen used the custom of burying the deceased on a horse. They could also carry the deceased's clothes and harness on a horse and circle the burial site several times to show the horse's death. Oroqen people will also hold a grand anniversary ceremony.