A nation who can sing and dance well--Uyghurs

In Xinjiang, the northwest border of China, there is a snow-capped Tianshan Mountain. At the foot of the Tianshan Mountain, there is a ethnic group who can sing and dance-the Uyghur (Uyghur: , English: Uyghur). The Uyghurs call themselves "Uyghur", which means "unity" and "union". The Uyghur people have a long history and have been in contact with the Central Plains for 2,000 years. Today, I will introduce this nation in detail!

The Uyghurs mainly live in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, mainly distributed in the south of the Tianshan Mountains. The oases around the Tarim Basin are the center of Uyghurs 'settlement, among which the Kashgar Oasis, Hotan Oasis, and the Aksu River and Tarim River Basin are the most concentrated.

The Turpan Basin at the eastern end of the Tianshan Mountains is also an area where Uyghurs are concentrated. In the Ili Valley north of the Tianshan Mountains and the Jimsar and Qitai areas, a small number of Uyghurs have settled. In addition, there are also a small number of Uyghurs in Taoyuan County, Hunan Province and Mianchi County, Henan Province.

According to statistics in 2015, the total Uyghur population reached 23.6 million, of which the Uyghur population in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region totaled 11.3033 million (2015), accounting for about 48% of Xinjiang's total population.

Language Modern Uyghur is the common language of the Uyghur nation and belongs to the Turkic language family of the Altaic family. Historically, the development of Uyghur language has gone through three stages: the ancient Turkic language stage (7th-13th centuries), the Chagtai language stage (14th-18th centuries), and the modern and modern Uyghur language stage (19th century to the present).

Modern Uyghur is divided into three dialects in China: Center, Hotan and Lubu. The standard language is based on the center dialect and the Ili-Urumqi pronunciation is the standard pronunciation. Uyghur has many things in common with its Kazakh, Kirgiz, Uzbek and other related languages, as well as its own unique characteristics.

The Uyghur people have a long history of using writing. They use different alphabet systems to write their own languages in different historical periods and regions, and the names of the characters are different. The Huihe people who established power in the Orkhun River Basin in the 8th century used Turkic Runi language. Between the 9th and 15th centuries, the Uyghurs in the Hexi Corridor of present-day Xinjiang and Gansu and the west of Congling used Uyghur script based on the Sogdian script, but the duration of use varied from region to region. The Uyghur Buddhists in the east used it for the longest time.

The Kalahan Dynasty established by the Western Uyghur and Gelaluo tribes in Congling switched to writing based on the Arabic alphabet after believing in Islam in the 10th century, which was called dynastic Turkic language. With the spread of Islam, this writing continued to expand its scope of use. In the 15th century, it basically replaced the Uyghur script and became a common writing among the Uyghur and Turkic ethnic groups in Xinjiang and Central Asia. Since it was originally mainly used in the territory of the former Chagtai Khanate, it was called Chagtai script.

The current Uyghur language is an improvement on the basis of the late Chagtai language. After continuous improvement and supplementation, it has become a language commonly used by the Uyghur people. In 1960, a Latinized text reform was carried out, but due to the immature conditions for a comprehensive switch to the new text, the use of the new text was stopped in September 1982.

In the history of faith, Uyghurs once believed in Shamanism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism and Buddhism. At the end of the 10th century, the Karahan Dynasty began to believe in Islam. By the 15th century AD, Islam gradually occupied a dominant position in Uyghur areas.

Islam has different sects, and most Uyghurs believe in Hanafi, one of the Sunni schools of Shariah. There are also a considerable number of people who believe in the mystic Sufi faction, known as the Yichan faction in Xinjiang. In addition, there are a small number of people who believe in Wahhabi. Sunnis call themselves Orthodox and are the most popular faction of Islam. They believe in Huda and Huda's messenger Mohammed and the Koran.

The Yichan sect in Xinjiang respects Sunni teachings, but has its own unique ideological system in the interpretation of the Koran and the Hadith. They advocate "not attaching importance to this life and the afterlife" and to abstinence, asceticism and poverty. Mazha is the center of activities for Izen believers, and worshiping Mazha is an important feature of the sect.

Dwelling houses Uyghur dwellings are unique buildings of the Uyghur people. Because Uyghurs believe in Islam, their buildings are mostly influenced by Persia and Arabia, thus forming a unique architectural culture of the Uyghur people. The Uyghurs have long been the mainstay of agriculture, so there are many villages where Uyghurs live. Due to the influence of Islam, Uyghur houses are mostly flat roofs in Central Asia, square, and the walls are rammed with mud. Deep front corridors with guardrails. Flowers, fruit trees and grapes are planted in the courtyard, which is a place for singing, resting and dining. Uyghur people like to set up tea sets in courtyards or corridors to receive guests.

The houses of Uyghur folk houses have several combinations: front room-back room, passenger room-back room, and outer room-passenger room. There is a fireplace and niche in the room. The fireplace is used for heating and the niche is used for storing objects. The niches and fireplaces are decorated with exquisite plaster flowers. The walls are bricked in patterns or hung with tapestries, and the floor is covered with carpet or felt. There is a long table or round table in the center of the room, and most furniture and furnishings are covered by decorative towels.

Because most Uyghurs live in Xinjiang, take the Turpan Basin as an example. There is basically no rain throughout the year in the Turpan Basin. The Uyghurs living here use local materials, use adobe to build houses, and build single-layer or double-layer earth-arched flat-topped houses with semi-basements. The courtyard is surrounded by bungalows and buildings, and adobe flower walls, arches of various shapes, platforms, grape sheds, etc. are combined to form a changing space. Groups of rooms in the house are connected by spacious aisles composed of grape sheds or ceilings. Canal water is introduced into the courtyard, and the courtyard with good ventilation and sunshine has become the main center of people's daily life. There are few indoor and outdoor decorations, only patterns embossed with wooden molds are used to decorate the walls.

In terms of architectural decoration, the technique of contrast between reality and reality is often used, with key embellishments. Colorful paintings on corridors, brick carvings, woodcuts and window lattice decorations are mostly flowers and plants or geometric figures; doors and windows are mostly arched; the colors are white and green. The main tone is the main tone, showing the unique style of Islam.

Diet

Uyghur diet is mainly pasta food, preferring to eat meat and milk, eat less vegetables, and eat more melons and fruits in summer. There are no fewer than dozens of types of staple foods, and the most commonly eaten are roasted buns, roasted whole sheep, grilled mutton kebabs, pilaf, naan, ramen, fried noodles, etc. Drinks generally drink Fu tea, and some drink brick tea. Add cow and goat's milk to the tea and boil it into milk tea.

The Uyghurs 'daily diet consists of pasta and beef and mutton snacks. They like fruits, vegetables, dairy products and tea snacks, and like to drink boiled milk tea, Fu brick tea and black tea. Pilaf is generally eaten on hospitality, festivals and festive days. They must see meat when eating vegetables, most of which are beef, sheep, and chicken. Cooking methods are commonly roasted, boiled, steamed, and braised. They are accustomed to using pepper, chili noodles, cumin, onions and other seasonings. They also like to use butter, honey, jam, juice, yogurt, horse milk, etc. to enhance the flavor and aroma, and are often supplemented with carrots.

Uyghurs strictly prohibit eating pork, donkey meat, dog meat and mule meat. Horse meat is also banned in some areas of southern Xinjiang (there is no such restriction in pastoral areas or agricultural and pastoral areas of northern Xinjiang). Generally, livestock and poultry slaughtered without chanting are also fasting. Uyghurs like drinking tea very much.

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etiquette When Uyghur people meet their elders or friends on the way, they must put their right hand on their chest. Men must shake hands when they meet, and women must hug each other when they meet, press their right face when they meet, and greet each other with "salamu". Finally, put your hands on your knees and bow to say goodbye. The younger generation has to bow to the elders first, but now they often shake hands as a greeting gift.

Uyghurs generally believe that it is enviable for guests to fill their doors. Usually, if guests arrive at the same time, they must enter the door according to men, women and children, and sit on the kang. The most distinguished and oldest guests must sit on a mattress specially laid by the owner in the middle of the kang. Before and after meals, the owner will carry a hand washing pot for the guests to wash their hands. Generally, they will wash them three times. Guests are not allowed to throw water around. The host first poured a bowl of tea for each person and offered it with both hands. Then, he spread out a table cloth in front of the guests and placed various snacks, fruits, and delicious food. If conditions permit, he would also slaughter sheep to entertain the guests so that the guests can enjoy it. Sometimes the owner will play national musical instruments such as Dutar and Rewapu to add to the fun with singing and dancing. At the end of the meal, under the leadership of the elderly, the "Duva" prayer should be said. If it is late, the host will always warmly retain him and take out the best bedding for the guests. When a guest leaves, the host always walks out of the door and watches the guest leave.

Clothing Uyghur costumes are in clear form, diverse patterns, bright colors, simple patterns, exquisite craftsmanship, many patterns, very beautiful and distinctive. Uyghur men's costumes pay attention to black and white effects, which is so rough and unrestrained. Uyghur women's clothing likes to use contrasting colors to make the red ones brighter and the green ones more green.

Uyghur clothing is generally relatively loose. Men's clothing is relatively simple, mainly including Yaktek (long coat), Toni (long coat), Paissimite (short coat), Nimucha (top coat), Kuinak (shirt), waist scarf, etc. Uyghurs collectively refer to the outer coat as Yuqian. These clothes are mostly made of black and white fabrics, blue, gray, white, black and other natural color round flower satin materials.

Uyghur women love to wear skirts and prefer to choose bright silk or wool to make skirts. Common materials include red, green, gold and other colors, and wear light-colored pairs of skirts inside. I prefer the original "Aidelai Silk" sewn dress of my nation. In markets, villages, and mountains, flower skirts made of Idelai silk in different colors and patterns can be seen everywhere. The pattern of silk is like a floating cloud, bright in color and rich and gorgeous, revealing the creator's spiritual talent. Uyghurs call it "Yubofuneng Kanatiguri", which brings the meaning of spring and beautiful blessings to people.

Uyghurs not only like to grow flowers, but also like to embroider various flower patterns on clothing. Uyghur women like to embroider clothes at the neckline, chest, cuffs, shoulders, trousers, etc. Even the clothes worn by men are also embroidered with patterns, mainly embroidered on the neckline, chest, cuffs, etc. of collared shirts, expressing the strong decorative aesthetic feeling of the Uyghur people. With the development of the times, Uyghur costumes have undergone great changes. Some suits and trendy costumes have become more and more popular among Uyghur people, especially young men and women.​

flower hat is one of the most distinctive parts of Uyghur costumes. It is called "Duopa" in Uyghur. Regardless of the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, regardless of men, women and children, spring, summer, autumn and winter, Uyghur people like to wear a beautifully embroidered four-sided flower hat. It is not only a kind of clothing in people's daily life, but also a pleasing handicraft.

Uyghur flower hats are not only of excellent materials, but also of exquisite craftsmanship. Uyghur craftsmen who make small flower hats all have a set of "unique skills". The patterns and patterns of flower hats are ever-changing, and the styles, patterns and patterns of different flower hats are also related to the local environment. Flower hats in various places all have obvious local characteristics. There are many styles of flower hats in Kashgar Prefecture, especially men's flower hats. The "Badan Wood" pattern with a black background and white pattern with strong color contrast and elegant style is composed according to the lines of the pattern. The corners protrude to show a three-dimensional feeling, but the black and white are deeply imprinted in people's minds; the flower hats in Hotan and Kuche regions are made of high-quality velvet fabrics and matched with velvet weaving patterns of different colors, which are interspersed densely, making the patterns exude unique charm.

Every festive festival or song and dance event, people visiting relatives and friends always choose their favorite little flower hats to decorate themselves. Of course, the flower hat is not only an ornament, but also a valuable gift for relatives and friends; for new tourists to Xinjiang, it is also a pleasing handicraft.

Marriage customs Uyghurs used to be popular in arranged marriages, but now free love is more common. Before marriage, the man must pay money to the woman. After receiving the marriage certificate, both men and women will hold a wedding banquet to entertain their relatives, friends and colleagues. Some will ask the imam to recite 'Nika'. Weddings include welcoming ceremony for the bride, uncovering ceremony, celebration ceremony held by the groom and bride for their own wedding, etc.

After the banquet, a "Masilef" will be held. During this period, people will sing happily and the atmosphere will be very warm. During the dancing process, a man and a woman would come up to dance with a purpose. The man deliberately lifted the bride's veil and the woman covered it again. After repeating it three times, the bride stood up and bowed deeply to the guests. Bow, and the guests applauded the end of the ceremony.

Culture Uyghurs have a long history and unique style of culture and art. Literature is very rich in genres and content, such as the long narrative poem "Happiness Wisdom" that has been passed down to this day. The oral literature of the working people is rich and colorful. The widely circulated "Avanti's Story" is still popular among people. There are also many excellent literary works in modern times, such as the long narrative poem "War on the Soil of China" written by Mulabi Ribin Mula Yusufu. The Weierwu people can also sing and dance well. Traditional dances include Dingwan Dance, Da Encouraging, Iron Ring Dance, Puta Dance and so on. Musical instruments commonly used by Uyghur people include "Dafu" tambourine),"Dutar","Rewafu", etc.

Festivals The Uyghur festivals mainly include: Eid al-Fitr Festival (Roz Festival), Gurbang Festival (also known as Kurban Festival or Animal Sacrifice Festival), and Nowruz Festival. In particular, the "Gurbang" Festival is the most solemn. During the festival, Uyghur people are accustomed to killing sheep or camels, going to mosques to hold gatherings, singing and dancing, and holding horse racing, crafty sheep and wrestling activities.

Taboos Because Uyghurs believe in Islam, noise is prohibited near mosques and Mazha (cemetery). When eating, you should not casually fiddle with the food on the plate, go to the front of the stove, or leave leftovers; when the meal is finished, you should not look around or stand up. In terms of clothing, avoid being short and short. The coat should generally reach the knees and the trouser legs reach the feet. The most taboo is to wear shorts outdoors. When sitting in the house, you must kneel down. Do not stretch your legs straight and face the soles of your feet. When relatives and friends meet, they should shake hands and say hello to each other. Then touch your beard with both hands, bend and take a step back, with your right arm touching your chest; after greeting, women should put their hands on their knees and bow to say goodbye. Accepting objects or green tea must use both hands, avoid using one hand.

Funeral Uyghurs follow Islamic rules and practice in-situ burials and advocate quick burials. After the end of the Islamic ritual "Namazi" to transcend the dead, the bodies were sent to the cemetery on a cadaver bed and dug holes for burial without using coffins or any funerary objects. Tomb mounds are mostly rectangular and some are round. Walls are built around the cemetery, and livestock are not allowed to enter, soil and soil are not allowed.

Uyghurs held memorial ceremonies on the day, 3rd, 7th, 40th and anniversary of the deceased, which is called "Naizir" in Uyghur. Among all memorial activities, the 7th, 40th and anniversaries are more solemn, with relatives, friends, villagers and colleagues being invited to do "Dewar" prayers), and imam are invited to recite scriptures. The main meals in the memorial service are pilaf. According to traditional customs, men who come to participate in the "Naizir" must wear hats and women wear scarves.