Naxi customs, taboos and strange marriage customs
The Naxi people in my country mainly live in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Weixi, Zhongdian, Ninglang County, Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province, Yanyuan County, Muli County, Sichuan Province, and Yanjing Town, Mangkang County, Tibet Autonomous Region. The names of the Naxi people vary according to different dialects: Lijiang and other places call themselves "Naxi", while Ninglang, Sichuan Yanyuan and other places call themselves "Nari","Naru" or "Naheng". According to Naxi analysis,"Na" means "big" or "noble", and "Xi","Ru","Heng", etc. mean "person" or "tribe".
The Naxi people have their own spoken and written language. Naxi language belongs to the Yi branch of the Tibetan-Burmese language family of the Sino-Tibetan family. It is divided into two dialects roughly bounded by the Jinsha River. The dialects cannot speak with each other. The standard language of Naxi language is based on the western dialect of Naxi language, and the pronunciation of Dayan Town in Lijiang County is the standard pronunciation.
The Naxi people generally believe in the "Dongba Religion". Some people believe in Lamaism, Buddhism, Taoism, and natural gods such as heaven, earth, mountains, and water, and have the nature of polytheistic belief. Naxi hieroglyphs were produced more than 1000 years ago. It was originally taught and used by Dongba believers, and believers called it the Dongba Sutra, also known as Dongba script. In the early 13th century, another phonetic script called Goba was created. "Dongba Jing" is a voluminous religious scripture of the Naxi people. Consisting of hieroglyphs, phonetic symbols and additional symbols, it is the only living hieroglyphs left in the world that are still circulated among the people.
The clothes of Naxi men are generally the same as those of Han people. Naxi women in Lijiang wear long coats, wide waists and large sleeves, waistcoats, pleated waists, long trousers, sheepskin shawls, decorated with beautifully embroidered seven stars, and the sun and moon on the side to express their diligence. Naxi women in Ninglang wear ground-reaching multi-pleated skirts, short jackets, large blue cloth heads, and large silver earrings. Both men and women of the Naxi ethnic group can sing and dance well, and there are often mass singing and dancing activities during production, labor and ethnic festivals. The more famous traditional song and dance tunes include "Yimaida"(Lijiang),"Huo Ruogui"(Yongning),"Yahaoli"(Baidi),"Orere"(Lijiang Dadong), etc.; folk instruments include gourd sheng, bamboo mouth strings and straight flute.
The Naxi people have three meals a day. For breakfast, you usually eat steamed buns or stewed cakes. Chinese and dinner are more abundant. There are usually one or two stir-fried dishes, pickles, soups, etc., and you especially like to eat the beef soup pot and dried pork made by the Dang Hui people. Whether in Pingba or mountainous areas, there are many varieties of vegetables, and the market is in full swing at all times. Potatoes, vines and melon beans are widely grown in mountainous areas, and local specialties are used to make famous dishes with various flavors.
Most of the Naxi men and women socialize during festivals. After young men and women meet each other, they use a matchmaker to match the parents of both parties. The man will ask the matchmaker to give the woman two cans of tea, four or six boxes of sugar, and two liters of rice. In some places, two pieces of salt are added to express the oath of friendship and friendship. It is regarded as an engagement. A wedding banquet must be held during the engagement. The wedding will last for 3-5 days. At that time, both the man and the woman will have to prepare a banquet. The table was divided into eight people and eight people. The groom knelt down to invite the guests to sit down, and then played music and served the dishes. On the third course, the wedding host toasted; on the fifth course, the groom and bride toast the guests with double glasses of wine. After the banquet, the host and relatives must stand outside the door to shut off the guests.
, the Naxi people in Lugu Lake have three forms of marriage. The first two are also customs that we often call "walking marriage."
A Zhu Marriage
It's just like men and women live together now, but when a man marries, he does not marry a woman. Marriage is very unstable, ranging from several years to one or two nights. Most men and women have six or seven to more than ten people in their lifetime, and in some cases as many as a hundred people. Generally, Naxi women can start making friends with Azhu when they are fifteen or six years old, and when men reach seventeen or eighteen years old.
However, to conclude an Arab-annotation relationship, one must abide by the traditional intermarriage habits of the Naxi ethnic customs and habits. All adult men and women of different matrilineal blood can freely establish an Arab-annotation relationship. All descendants of the same matrilineal blood are considered to have estranged by blood as long as they are separated by three to five generations. In short, in addition to abiding by the principle that matriarchal blood does not marry recently, the establishment of Arab-annotation relations is generally not limited by age, seniority, rank and ethnicity. In addition, the way for A-Zhu to dissolve the A-Zhu relationship is also very simple. As long as the woman closes the door and the man no longer visits her, or sends someone to send a message to each other, the A-Zhu relationship will end.
Azhu cohabitation marriage
Men and women who live in Azhu marriage can form a cohabitation family once they have the desire to live together. They do not need to invite matchmakers, hold wedding ceremonies and entertain guests, and are not subject to rank restrictions. There are forms of cohabitation in which a woman lives in a man's house, a man lives in a woman's house, and both parties live alone away from their original home. Cohabitation has a relatively equal status in the family and a relatively harmonious relationship. Both parties pay more attention to maintaining the established cohabitation relationship. Men and women who cohabit rarely or no longer make friends with Azhu.
Most of the men who cohabit with Nu's Azhu's house retain their original family names, and their children are subordinate to the woman, and their bloodlines are calculated according to the maternal line. A cohabiting male and male can generally not be the woman's parents and cannot be buried in the woman's cemetery after death. Instead, they must be taken back by their nephew and buried in the mother's family cemetery. The cohabitation of a woman living in a man's Azhu is very different from the cohabitation of a man living in a woman's Azhu. According to the customs and habits of the Naxi people, children born to women who enter a man's family belong to the man and are members of the patrilineal line.
Formal marriage
Formal marriage requires a matchmaker to negotiate and marry with great courtesy. Elders officiate the marriage, hold a formal wedding ceremony, and feast relatives and friends. This kind of marriage is protected by social customs, and the dissolution of the relationship requires the consent of both families and social recognition. The formally married spouse is called "Hatchuba" by the husband and "Shuchumi" by the female. Women who are formally married generally have a lower status in society and at home than women who have been in a cohabitation marriage. According to the customs and habits of the local Naxi people, a man who applies for divorce has no right to recover the betrothal gift he gave during marriage. If a woman requests a divorce, she must refund the entire betrothal gift. Therefore, it is difficult for many women to realize their desire for divorce. However, as long as a woman can return the man's bride price, she can leave the man's home at any time.
In some Naxi areas, there is still a legacy of "marriage theft". This is also a legacy of ancient marriage customs, reflecting women's resistance to the patrilineal system of living in the family. The wife wanted to adhere to the old tradition of living in her mother's house, so the man used marriage robbery to realize his wish to leave his wife in her husband's house. "Marriage robbery" in modern society is only a form. It is not a real robbery, but a tacit understanding between a man and a woman in order to use "raw rice is ripe" to block off the woman's parents who disagree with marriage.
There is also a famous custom of martyrdom among the Naxi people. Usually, after couples decide to sacrifice themselves, some will tell their best friends their decision. Some women who die for martyrdom will also tell their mother about the decision, and the mother will also keep it secret. Generally, most martyrs will choose to hang themselves in a steep, inaccessible place on the high mountains and lush vegetation.
The Naxi people are very taboo when riding horses to the front of the village. They must get off their horses, nor tie the horses to a place where they are sacrificed to heaven; they cannot ride on tripods, cross their legs, or turn over the dust in the stove; when offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors, and war gods, they are taboo from outsiders watching; they are forbidden to sit on the threshold and chop things on the threshold with knives and axes; in some places, they are also forbidden to sing folk songs at home; they are not allowed to kill cattle, pack horses and roosters that announce the dawn; they are forbidden to eat dog meat. When entering a Naxi family, you cannot actively enter the bedroom of the elderly, women and girls, nor can you inquire about "Axia".