Hui customs

in the mid-7th century AD. A large number of Persian and Arab merchants settled by sea and land in coastal cities such as Guangzhou and Quanzhou in China, as well as Chang 'an and Kaifeng in the mainland. Due to the Western Expedition of the Mongolian army in the 13th century AD, a large number of people from the Western Regions moved into China, absorbing Han, Mongolian, Uyghur and other ethnic elements, and gradually formed a unified nation-the Hui.

The Hui word "Hui" is the word "Hui" in the old name of Islam in China. The word "Hui" is a small mouth in a big mouth."This word is used to warn people to be consistent with their words and deeds, and this is consistent with the Islamic belief-" confession with the tongue, integrity in the heart (Mohammed's mission at the command of Allah)." Therefore, from the perspective of the evolution of writing, the scope of the Hui people's meaning of "Hui" has narrowed.

Hui is the abbreviation of Hui nationality, also known as Islam. It is the most widely distributed and populous minority in China. It mainly lives in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and also has many inhabited areas in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Henan, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang.

The cultural attribute of

Hui people is undoubtedly Islam, and the Hui imams assume the role of leaders and mentors. In their speeches, they mix a large amount of Arabic and Persian, and use Chinese to express national views. Through speeches every Friday, this ancient language of ethnic creation is continued and developed. Most Hui people in cities speak Chinese; Hui people in border ethnic areas also understand and use the language of the local ethnic group.

The Hui nationality has two languages, Jingtang Language and Xiaoerjin. Its Xiaoer brocade is a common spoken language independently created by the Hui people. Because the Xiaoer brocade is mixed with a large amount of Arabic and Persian, Xiaoer brocade belongs to a language form contained in both the Jingtang language and daily life language of the Hui people in a certain way. It is not an exaggeration to say that it is a language.

The basic letters of Xiaoer Jin are based on the letters of the Koran. The Hui people scattered throughout the motherland and created four unique letters based on their language area. The Hui people in Central Asia (Donggan people) inherited this language and developed into the mother tongue of the Hui people in Central Asia. Later, they were spelled with the "Slavic" letters during the Soviet period and are still in use today. They are a branch of the world's languages.

Hui Muslims have lived together with the Han people for a long time, they are roughly the same as the Han people in terms of housing, clothing, language, etc., except that they do not have their own language. Although there are scriptures, they are also Arabic. Hui people are generally concentrated in small quantities and dispersed in large quantities. In the mainland, the Hui people mainly live with the Han people; in the border areas, the Hui people mainly live with local ethnic minorities; most of them are distributed on land and land transportation lines, so their economy and culture are relatively developed. The Hui people are mainly engaged in agriculture, and some also engage in animal husbandry and handicrafts. The Hui people are also good at business, especially the catering industry. Love the sport of bull-throwing, and the Hui people in Cangzhou, Linxia and Zhoukou areas are good at martial arts.

Hui people generally build mosques, also known as worship temples, in places where they live concentrated. Religious activities are presided over by imam. The main classics are the Koran, and believers call them "Muslims." Since Islam played an important role in the formation of the Hui people, its mosques were places where Hui Muslims held worship and religious activities, and some also had the mission of disseminating religious knowledge and cultivating religious professionals. Therefore, mosques are very important in the hearts of Hui Muslims.

in terms of living customs. The Hui people adhere to traditions, follow religious rules, and pay attention to hygiene. Wherever conditions permit, they must wash their hands with running water before and after meals. Most Hui people do not smoke or drink alcohol. When dining, elders must sit on the main seat. The younger generation cannot sit on the kang with their elders. They must sit on stools on the edge of the kang or on the ground.

Moreover, because of its wide distribution, food customs are not completely consistent. For example, the Hui people in Ningxia prefer pasta, preferring to eat noodles, dough sheets, and blended rice; the Hui people in Gansu and Qinghai use wheat, corn, highland barley, and potatoes as their daily staple foods. Youxiang and Sanzi are special foods favorite by Hui people in various places and are indispensable gifts to relatives and friends during festivals.

Folk specialty foods include fermented skin, ramen, braised noodles, fried mein with meat, tofu pudding, cow head chop suey, noodles with minced meat, etc. Most families have fermented noodles all year round for use at any time. Pigeon is considered a sacred bird among the Hui people in Gansu and can be raised but not easily eaten. If there are critically ill patients, they can be eaten as supplements with the consent of the imam (religious professionals). Hui people in northwest China also like to eat pickles.

Hui people living in the city are accustomed to drinking milk tea for breakfast all year round, which is mixed with beef and mutton steamed buns cooked at home, or roasted steamed steamed buns with fried pickles, or eaten with cured beef and mutton. Some elderly people like to eat them with fried peanuts. There are also more people who eat beef and mutton steamed buns for lunch, and many families like to eat steamed buns with stir-fried vegetables. Stir-frying is generally relatively simple home-cooked dishes, such as fried pork with lotus white, fried pork with celery, shredded potatoes with vinegar, zucchini with vinegar, stir-fried pickles with chili sauce, stir-fried chili sauce, etc. Most people eat noodles for dinner. There are many types of noodles, including shredded noodles, long noodles, laomian noodles, long noodles, etc., as well as dumplings, steamed buns, fried buns, leek cakes, etc.

The Hui people living scattered in rural areas, mountainous areas, and pastoral areas in various places have their eating customs influenced by their place of residence. For example, the Hui people in the mountainous areas of southern Ningxia eat potatoes, buckwheat, naked oats, millet, and peas as their staple food. The Hui people in the Altai region of Xinjiang eat horse meat and milk food, while rice and flour food relegates to a secondary position. This is obviously influenced by Kazakh dietary customs. The Hui people living in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Xizang, Yunnan, have the same staple food as the Tibetan people. They eat highland barley, peas, and three meals without Tsampa and butter tea.

In the rural areas of northwest China, the most distinctive one is folk banquets. "Nine Bowls and Three Lines" is an authentic banquet for the Hui people. Generally, in wedding and funeral etiquette activities, this banquet is often used to entertain many guests and relatives. The halal banquet dishes popular in southern Ningxia are also well-known across the country. "Wuluo" means that five kinds of stir-fried dishes are served at the same time, and "Sihai" means that four kinds of dishes with soup are served at one time. "Nine Kui","Thirteen Flowers" and "Fifteen Moon Yuan" are the posthumous names of nine bowls, thirteen bowls and fifteen bowls of vegetables respectively.

In Xining City, Qinghai Province, the famous Wanshengma pastry of the Hui nationality has a great influence. Jinfeng braised chicken from Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Majia braised chicken and Baiyunzhang steamed buns from Baoding, Majia steamed buns from Shenyang City, Liaoning, Islamic sesame cakes from Yi County, beef and mutton steamed buns from Shaanxi, and Wengzi glutinous rice balls, green bean skins, and beef rice noodles from Changde City, Hunan are all very famous locally.

Hui Muslims also avoid eating pork, dog meat, horse meat, donkey meat and mule meat, livestock and poultry meat slaughtered or self-killed by those who have not believed in Islam, and the blood of animals. They also avoid smoking and drinking alcohol in their own homes; Food is prohibited to joke, and fasting things cannot be used as metaphors, such as not describing the color of peppers as red as blood; it is also prohibited to expose your chest and arms in front of people; Be sure to wash your hands before taking water. The remaining water in the water container cannot be poured back into the well, and you must not scoop water or rice out.

Tea is the favorite traditional beverage of the Hui people, and it is very particular about tea sets. Many Hui families have complete sets of various tea sets. Any water that does not flow or is unclean is not drinkable. Also very taboo in people drinking water source next to the bath, washing clothes, pour sewage.

Tea is not only the daily drink of Hui people, but also the most precious drink for guests. It is an important part of Hui people's diet. Whether it is northwest, northeast or southwest, whether it is a city, township or rural area, as long as you visit a Hui family, the enthusiastic host will first serve a bowl of hot tea. The Hui people in Northwest China are famous for their Gaiwan tea. Ningxia Hui people also drink Babao tea cans, which is also very distinctive.

Every festive event such as Eid Al-Adha, Eid Al-Fitr, or weddings, when guests come to the house, the enthusiastic host will hand you a cup of tea and serve dumplings, dried fruits, etc. for you to pour tea. There are also many etiquette when serving tea, that is, open the lid of the bowl in front of the guests, put in the tea ingredients, flush the lid with water, and hold it with both hands. Doing so means that this cup of tea is specially made for guests to show respect. If there are many guests at home, the host will prioritize the guests based on their age, seniority and status, and deliver the tea to the guests first.

When drinking a covered bowl of tea, you cannot remove the lid on it, nor can you blow the tea leaves floating on it with your mouth. Instead, you can pick up the tea bowl tray with your left hand, grab the lid with your right hand, and gently "scrape" it a few times. The effect is to decant floating tea leaves and other things, and to promote the melting of rock sugar. It is very particular about scraping the lid. It is sweet once, it is fragrant twice, and it is tea dew three times to turn it into clear soup. After each scraping, tilt the tea cover and sip it with your mouth. You can't pick up the tea cup and swallow it one after another, nor can't breathe and suck it into the tea bowl. You have to drink slowly one mouthful at a time. When the host serves tea, guests are generally not polite, let alone not take a sip of the tea served. This will be considered a manifestation of imcourtesy and disrespect to the host.

The

is located in Hui inhabited areas, and the Hui people still maintain the traditional dress of Central Asian people. The most prominent feature of Hui Muslim costumes is that men often wear small white hats, and women wear headscarves of various colors (i.e.,"hijab"). The white hat without a brim worn by men, also known as the "prayer hat", is the traditional Hui male hat "Huihui hat", a kind of small round hat without a brim. When the Hui people kowtow in worship, their forehead and tip of their nose must touch the ground, making it easier to move around wearing a hat without a brimless, so it developed into a dress custom. There are two types of round hats, one is made of white bleeder, the other is woven of white wire or black silk thread, and are often woven into beautiful geometric patterns. Generally, white hats are worn most in spring, summer and autumn, and gray or black are worn in winter. Wedding grooms often wear red hats to show joy.

In addition to wearing white hats, some Hui people also use white or yellow towels or cloth to wrap their heads, which is commonly known as "wrapping their heads back". It is said that when Mohammed spread Islam in the early days, he wrapped his head around Dastal in worship. Dessalle is generally 9 or 12 feet long. There are many things to pay attention to when wrapping the head. The front can only be wrapped around the forehead and the hairline, and the forehead cannot be wrapped inside. This is not conducive to kowtowing and praying. One end of the towel should be left an elbow long and hung behind the vest, and the other end should be wrapped. After wrapping, press it into the towel layer at the back of the head. In the past, more Hui people had their heads wrapped around Disdar, but now most Hui people are accustomed to wearing white hats. There are more imams in mosques, Manla and villagers in Changqu Temple.

Hui women are also very particular about wearing hijab. Elderly women wear white ones to look white and elegant; middle-aged women wear black ones to look solemn and elegant; women wear black ones to look solemn and elegant; and unmarried women wear green ones to look fresh and beautiful. Many married women also wear white or black round hats with a brim. Elderly Hui women wear black or brown turbans in winter and white shawls in summer, and have the habit of tying trousers to take off. Young women wear red, green or blue headscarves in winter and thin gauze scarves in red, green, and yellow in summer.

The traditional clothes of Hui women are generally mainly large plumes, but the decoration content is rich. Girls and daughter-in-law like to embed threads, colors, piping, etc. on their clothes. Some even embroider the chest and front of their clothes. The colors are bright and the image is realistic, which plays a role as a finishing touch. All Hui women's dresses have buttons on the right side, and the buttons are made of their own materials. Traditional Hui women's shoes like to be embroidered on the toe. Socks mainly pay attention to the heel and sock soles. Most heel socks are embroidered, and the sock soles are mostly made of various geometric patterns, and some are also embroidered.

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The colors of Hui women's clothes do not like to be flirtatious. Generally, the elderly wear black, blue, gray and other colors; middle and young people like to wear bright clothes, such as green, blue, red and other colors. Hui women, old and young, generally have holiday costumes, and people who often worship also have a special set of prayer costumes. Moreover, most Hui women have to poke their ears and eyes when they are young, and wear earrings when they are seven or eight years old. At the same time, they also like to wear rings and bracelets, and some even touch their forehead, dye their nails, etc. Married women should often open their faces to appear comely and clean.

The Hui people wear rings the same as those of Muslims and Han China in Middle Eastern Arab countries such as Turkey, Pakistan, Egypt, etc.: wearing a ring finger means they are married, wearing a middle finger means they have no partner, and wearing a little finger means they have a partner who has not yet married. In addition, Hui women also like to wear bracelets and earrings. I also like to dye my nails with impatiens. This custom was also spread from Arabia, Persia and other places, because there were no impatiens in China before the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian heard that there was a Tiaozhi State (Arabia) in the West. Later, Gan Ying was sent to the Western Regions, and there was only communication between China and Arabia. From then on, they interacted with each other, and the impatiens also spread to China from the Western Regions. After the formation of the Hui people, they still inherited the customs of their ancestors and passed down from generation to generation. Today, many Hui women still like to dye their nails with impatiens to show their beauty.

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Hui men also like to wear white shirts, white high-tube socks, white cloth loose pants with large crotch, etc., and jackets and shoulders (called "horse clips" by fellow villagers). It is also an important part of the Hui men's clothing, reflecting the simple and generous national characteristics of the Hui people. Moreover, Hui men and women all love to wear vests, especially Hui men like to put on snow-white shirts a suitable blue vest. The contrast between black and white is clear, fresh, clean and elegant. There are also many with exquisite Islamic patterns and various colors. The vests make people feel very agile and capable when wearing them.

The Hui people wear different vests according to different seasons, including clips, cotton, and leather. It can be used as a coat or worn inside. Hui men's blue shoulders have clear threads drawn with needles at the hem and mouth of the bag to make all edges of the clothes flat and neat, highlighting the beauty of the lines of the clothes. At the same time, the same material material is used to make small bag buckles, which looks elegant. The selection of leather vests is very particular. Tire skin and short wool sheepskin should be used, and the stitching should be light, soft, flat and unfolded. Wearing this leather vest and a coat in winter is light and warm, but also feels harmonious and not bloated. In particular, the Hui people love cleanliness, pay attention to hygiene, and have martial arts customs. They often have to wash their faces, wash their hands, practice martial arts, put on a vest, roll up their sleeves to wash their hands, wash their faces, work, and practice martial arts are both convenient and warm.

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The Hui people in the north also use black cotton cloth or fox tails to make earmuffs in winter, and earmuffs made of cloth. It looks like a peach and is embroidered with simple patterns. The Hui people very much like to wear their own face-to-face er-fur coats and old sheepskin coats. Traditional Hui men's shoes are generally homemade square or round-mouth cloth shoes, and homemade sandals are also made of hemp and thread. With the development of society, most Hui people now go to stores to buy various cloth shoes, cowhide shoes, sandals, etc., but avoid wearing pigskin shoes. Rural men's socks and insoles are generally embroidered. Hui elderly people have the habit of tying trouser legs.

Hui men also like to wear a small knife, commonly known as waist knife, with them. The Hui people hung their waist knives for decoration and to slaughter and save animals at any time. This custom is the same as the Arab custom of "wearing a silver belt and wearing a waist sword" recorded by Du Huan in the Tang Dynasty. It was passed down from Arabia to the Hui people in our country, and later gradually became a habit of the Hui people.

The Hui people practice monogamy. Moreover, whenever a new life is born in a Muslim family, the imam will be asked to give the newborn an Arabic name within three days, which will be called a Hui name. Most of the names are borrowed from the names of previous saints. Such as Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, etc., to express their happiness. When naming the name, the imam first recited the first chapter of the Koran, then recited "Bunk"(calling ceremony) and blew it into the right ear of the newborn, then recited "Gamai"(a prayer) and blew it into the left ear, and then prayed, asking God to bless the newborn with beautiful faces, longer lives, and abundant supplies. Muslims consider it important to name a "Hui".

At the age when marriage is discussed, parents arrange a marriage for her, and the imam officiates at the wedding. He is called writing "Izabb"(marriage certificate) and reading "Nikahe"(marriage certificate). "Izabu" contains four conditions, none of which are indispensable: marriage must obtain the consent of both parents; the husband and wife agree face to face; the man must give the woman a certain dowry gift; and there must be a certificate from the person who witnessed the marriage (imam and guests of the male and female parties). There were also congratulations from those present. These require the imam to write in Arabic, and the Muslim names of the couple, witnesses, and parents of both parties must be written. The number of betrothal gifts must be written down. If one party is a Muslim, he or she can join Islam on his or her own free will, otherwise he is not qualified to write "Izabb".

网站图片位Every Friday is Riji Day. Muslims go to the mosque to bathe in the afternoon and participate in the "Riji Ceremony", which is called "Rizhu Ma." "Zhuma Day" is precious and auspicious. Therefore, all Muslims travel, move to new homes, start building houses, and open businesses mostly choose the "Zhuma" day, and ask the imam to recite "Safe Suolai" and "Bunker" before starting work. "Come in peace" means praying to God after reading some chapters from the Koran, asking for peace from the Lord. "Bunk"(commonly known as "Qiankai") is Persian, translated as "calling ceremony", which means calling people to worship. There is no basis for saying "Bunk" before starting work. After reading it, I pray, asking God for help in success and mercy and peace.

is a dream, and the years are wasted. When Muslims are dying, they must ask the imam to make a "confession"(confession) and recite the "Ya 'an" chapter (Chapter 36 of the Koran) to express their remorse, apologize for their hunger mistakes and unfinished homework and ask the Lord to forgive them. After their death, they must complete five tasks: "wash, wear, stand, carry, and bury." Their relatives will wash the dead three to five times with locust water and clear water. Wear "Kaifan"(body robe) for the deceased: three pieces for men (32 feet of cloth) and five pieces for women (about 40 feet of cloth). The imam led his relatives and those attending the funeral to salute "Junnazai"(funeral ceremony), which means asking God to forgive and bless the dead. Then everyone carried the cadaver (which could also be transported by car) to the cemetery. An imam and his relatives carried the dead into the tomb without any burial objects. Counting from the day of death, on the seventh day, the fortieth day, the 100th day, the Ming Dynasty (birthdays), the anniversary, etc., you must ask the imam to recite the Koran for him on his graves and at home, asking God to forgive the deceased.