[Huang Yonglin] Exploration on establishing a recognition system for representative inheritance groups (groups) of "intangible cultural heritage"

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Objective: To protect intangible cultural heritage, we must adhere to the people-oriented approach and focus on protecting representative inheritors.

At present, the system for identifying representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage established in my country has played a very positive role in the protection of intangible cultural heritage, but it also has the shortcoming of emphasizing inheritance individuals and neglecting inheritance groups, which has affected the role of inheritance groups to a certain extent.

Play the role of inheritance groups.

On the basis of reviewing and summarizing the development process and characteristics of my country's intangible cultural heritage inheritors identification system and analyzing the existing shortcomings, this paper further theoretically discusses the relationship between "individual inheritance" and "group inheritance" in the process of intangible cultural heritage inheritance., the relationship between the "representative project" and the "representative project protection unit" protection system and the "inheritance group group" protection system, Relevant theoretical issues such as the relationship between responsibilities and rights between "inheritance individuals" and "inheritance groups and groups", and from the practical and operational aspects such as the basic conditions, basic principles and institutional systems for identification, it is proposed to establish a representative inheritance group of intangible cultural heritage in my country) Specific suggestions for the identification system.

Keywords: intangible cultural heritage; representative inheritance groups); identification system Author profile: Huang Yonglin, male, National Cultural Industry Research Center of Central China Normal University.

Fund projects: National Social Science Foundation Social Science Academic Society Thematic Academic Activity Project "Creative Transformation and Innovative Development of Folk Cultural Resources in New Rural Construction" Project Number: 20STA024); Major Project of the Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education "Research on Digital Protection and Dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage" Project Number: 16JJD860009).

In August 2021, the "Opinions on Further Strengthening the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage" issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council pointed out: "Improve the representative inheritor system.

Improve the identification and management system for representative inheritors of the country, province, city and county, and prudently carry out recommendation and identification work centered on inheritance.

For projects with collective inheritance and public practice, explore and identify representative inheritance groups)." The creation and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage (hereinafter referred to as "intangible cultural heritage") rely on people's practical activities.

With the inheritors as the carrier and core, the establishment and improvement of the representative inheritor identification system is directly related to whether intangible cultural heritage can be sustainable and inheritance.

development.

On the basis of reviewing and summarizing the development history and experience of my country's intangible cultural heritage inheritance identification system and analyzing the existing shortcomings, this paper discusses the relevant theoretical and practical issues in establishing a representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance group identification system.

The development history of my country's representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage identification system

The China government and academic circles have always attached great importance to the role of inheritors of folk culture.

Especially from the 1980s to the end of the 20th century, the compilation of integrated chronicles of China's ethnic folk literature and art was carried out.

A large number of inheritors of folk culture were discovered, which attracted the attention and research of the academic circles.

In the 21st century, folk literature and art have been included in the intangible cultural heritage protection system.

With the in-depth development of intangible cultural heritage protection work, my country has gradually established a protection system for representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage, including the establishment of a representative inheritor identification system, and has been continuously improved as the protection work deepens.

1) Preliminary establishment of the protection concept of representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage

The concept of "inheritors of folk culture" has long existed in China academic circles, and the use of the concept of "inheritors of intangible cultural heritage" in official official documents began in March 2005, when the General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Strengthening Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection in my Country".

The document proposes to "establish a scientific and effective mechanism for the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage." For representative works of intangible cultural heritage included in lists at all levels, methods such as naming, awarding titles, commendation and reward, and funding and support can be adopted to encourage representative inheritors groups to carry out teaching activities." The "Interim Measures for the Application and Evaluation of Representative Works of National Intangible Cultural Heritage" issued at the same time proposed for the first time that "practical and concrete measures should be taken to ensure the preservation, inheritance and development of this intangible cultural heritage and its intellectual achievements, and to protect the rights and interests of the inheritors of this heritage) in their cultural expressions and cultural spaces passed down from generation to generation." In December 2005, the "Notice on Strengthening the Protection of Cultural Heritage" issued by the State Council emphasized that "representative inheritors included in the list of intangible cultural heritage must be provided with planned funding to encourage and support them to carry out teaching activities to ensure Excellent inheritance of intangible cultural heritage." Obviously, the concepts of "representative inheritors group" and "representative inheritors of the intangible cultural heritage list" were used in the national document in 2005, and basic measures to strengthen protection were proposed, but they have not yet been formally established.

The identification system of representative inheritors.

2) Preliminary establishment of a system for identifying representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects

In October 2006, the Ministry of Culture reviewed and approved the Interim Measures for the Protection and Management of National Intangible Cultural Heritage at the ministerial meeting.

For the first time in official documents, the concept of "representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage projects" was proposed, and it was proposed that "the national intangible cultural heritage project protection unit shall propose a recommended list of representative inheritors of the project based on the principle of voluntariness, which shall be submitted to the provincial level After organizing expert review, the cultural administrative department of the people's government shall submit it to the cultural administrative department of the State Council for approval." It also stipulates the conditions, responsibilities and obligations for identifying representative inheritors of national-level intangible cultural heritage projects.

In April 2007, the Ministry of Culture issued the "Notice on Recommending Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Projects" to carry out the recommendation of the first batch of representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage projects.

In June 2007, the first batch of 226 representative inheritors of five major categories of projects, including folk literature, acrobatics and competition, folk art, traditional handicrafts, and traditional medicine, were announced.

In February 2008, 551 representative inheritors of five major categories of projects, including folk music, folk dance, traditional drama, folk art, and folk customs, were announced.

In May 2008, the Ministry of Culture issued the "Interim Measures for the Identification and Management of Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Projects", clarifying that "Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Projects" refer to: "Identified by the Cultural Administrative Department of the State Council, Inheritors who are recognized as representative, authoritative and influential who assume the responsibility for inheritance and protection of national intangible cultural heritage list projects." It puts forward the basic conditions and obligations that representative inheritors of national-level intangible cultural heritage projects should meet, as well as detailed regulations on cancellation and re-identification of qualifications.

The promulgation of this document marks the preliminary establishment of my country's representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects.

In May 2009, the Ministry of Culture announced the third batch of 711 representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage projects.

From 2006 to 2009, while proposing the concept of "representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage projects", the state formally established a corresponding identification system, which reflects the importance my country attaches to the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage.

The protection of the most active and dynamic element-"people".

It is worth noting that compared with relevant national documents in 2005, the concept of "inheritance group" was no longer mentioned during this period, and of course it was impossible to establish a representative inheritance group identification system.

3) Legal confirmation and improvement of the system for identifying representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage

On February 25, 2011, my country promulgated the "Law of the People's Republic of China Intangible Cultural Heritage" Order No.

42 of the President of the People's Republic of China, which will come into effect on June 1, 2011.

Article 29 stipulates: "The cultural authorities of the State Council and the cultural authorities of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government may identify representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage approved and announced by the people's governments at the same level." It clarifies the conditions and obligations that inheritors of representative intangible cultural heritage projects should meet and fulfill, which provides a legal basis for the establishment of a system for identifying inheritors of representative intangible cultural heritage projects.

It is worth noting that the national and provincial levels, including autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, are recognized here.

Subsequently, the Ministry of Culture announced the list of representative inheritors of the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects and the fifth batch of representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage projects in 2012 and 2018.

As of the end of 2021, the national cultural authorities have named 3068 representative inheritors of five batches of representative national-level intangible cultural heritage projects, and later cancelled 5 of them.

The actual number is 3063.

On November 29, 2019, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism issued the "Measures for the Identification and Management of Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage" Order No.

3 of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism), which will implement the "National Intangible Cultural Heritage Project Interim Measures for the Identification and Management of Representative Inheritors" have been revised and improved.

The document first adjusts the concept of "representative inheritor of national-level intangible cultural heritage projects" to "representative inheritor of national-level intangible cultural heritage", which specifically refers to "assuming the responsibility of inheriting national-level intangible cultural heritage representative projects, inheritors who are representative in specific fields and have great influence in certain areas, and have been recognized by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism"; Amend "recognized" to "specific areas" and "certain areas", and delete the "authoritative" requirement.

It has further revised and standardized the guiding ideology, inheritors 'character awareness, identification conditions, obligations to be borne, identification procedures and reward policies, so as to make the concept more precise, the scope more scientific, the regulations more realistic, and the operability.

Stronger.

4) Proposal of the identification system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups

In May 2020, the "Notice on Implementing the" Measures for the Identification and Management of Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage "issued by the Intangible Cultural Heritage Department of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism pointed out that" national intangible cultural heritage representatives "work on" Identification of Inheritors "," For projects that mainly rely on collective inheritance and public practice, we must more prudently recommend and identify individuals as representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage.

Encourage pilot projects to carry out the identification of representative inheritance groups." In May 2021, the "14th Five-Year Plan for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage" issued by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism clearly pointed out: "For projects of collective inheritance and public practice, explore and identify representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups).

In areas where conditions permit, pilot the identification of representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups and groups will be carried out to explore effective working methods.

Do a good job in connecting and cooperating with the work related to representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups and groups) and representative intangible cultural heritage inheritors." In August 2021, the "Opinions on Further Strengthening the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage" issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council specifically emphasized: "Improving the representative inheritor system.

For projects with collective inheritance and public practice, explore and identify representative inheritance groups)." This shows that it is very important and necessary to establish a recognition system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups, and has risen to a requirement at the national level.

5) Reflection on my country's representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage recognition system

To sum up, since the 21st century, my country's intangible cultural heritage inheritor identification system has gone through a development process from concept proposal, to initial system establishment, from legal confirmation, to revision and improvement, and has initially formed an intangible cultural heritage inheritor identification with China characteristics.

and management system.

Its development process reflects the following characteristics: From the perspective of the concept of "inheritors", it has gone through the process of "inheritors of folk culture" in the general sense, mainly referring to "inheritors of folk literature and art")--"Representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage list"-"Representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects"-"Representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects"-"Representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects"-"Representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage".

Judging from the identification system of "inheritors", it has experienced the naming and awarding of the title of "inheritors of folk literature and art such as storytellers, singers, etc."-the identification of "representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects"-the institutional development process of "representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage".

Judging from the "inheritor" identification system, it has gone through the process of establishing a national-level representative inheritor identification system of intangible cultural heritage at the national level to forming a national, provincial, municipal and county level representative inheritor identification system.

The establishment and implementation of my country's representative inheritors identification system has played a very important role in effectively protecting and inheriting my country's intangible cultural heritage projects, encouraging and supporting representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage at all levels to carry out teaching activities, and promoting my country's excellent traditional culture.

role.

The shortcomings of the current "inheritors" identification system are that whether it is the "Interim Measures for the Identification and Management of Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Projects" that came into effect in 2008, or the newly revised "National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative" in 2019, the "Measures for the Identification and Management of Inheritors" for the identification of inheritors stipulate that the applicant or the recommender must be a "citizen" individual.

The 2019 document further emphasizes the identity of a "China citizen".

Whether they are the "Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Projects" announced in the first four batches or the "Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Projects" announced in the fifth batch, they are all "China Citizens" individuals.

Although the 2020 national document proposed "exploring and identifying representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups for projects involving collective inheritance and public practice", no relevant recognition system has been formally established so far.

Practice has proved that the lack of the identification system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups has seriously dampened the enthusiasm of representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups.

Therefore, the establishment of a "identification system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups and groups" will end the history that representative inheritors can only apply for identification as individual "citizens".

This is the improvement and innovation of the protection system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritors in China.

Theoretical discussion on establishing a recognition system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups

To protect intangible cultural heritage, we must adhere to the people-oriented approach.

To protect representative inheritors, we must correctly understand the relationship between inheritance individuals and groups in the process of inheritance of representative intangible cultural heritage projects, the relationship between representative project protection and representative inheritance groups, and the duties, obligations and honor of different types of representative inheritors.

The relationship between rights and interests.

Only by establishing a representative inheritor identification system including "individual inheritance" and "group inheritance" can the initiative and enthusiasm of different types of inheritors be maximized.

1) Correctly understand and handle the relationship between "individual inheritance" and "group inheritance"

Wang article pointed out that "the inheritance subject of intangible cultural heritage refers to the outstanding inheritors of folk culture and art, that is, individuals or groups who have mastered folk cultural skills and technologies of great value and have the highest level." Based on the different objects covered by intangible cultural heritage, Xiao Fang divided inheritance projects into single-attribute projects and comprehensive projects.

He believed that "the intangible cultural heritage of a single attribute refers to the characteristics of the heritage that is closely integrated with personal talents and has distinctive personality characteristics.

It does not rely on group cooperation and has the cultural attributes of independent expression and independent inheritance.

Comprehensive intangible cultural heritage means that the project has the attribute of group participation.

It relies on a relatively broad cultural space, and cultural inheritance and enjoyment have broad mass character." The establishment of a system for identifying representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage must correctly understand and handle the relationship between "individual inheritance" and "group inheritance".

The identification of "individual inheritors" mainly refers to those inheritors who do not rely on group cooperation and only one person completes inheritance projects independently.

Such projects are highly technical and professional, and their inheritors independently master core skills, such as traditional handicrafts.

Inheritors of skills, traditional art, and traditional medicine.

Such projects are mainly the product of personal wisdom, and individual inheritance plays a decisive role.

There is no legal risk of intellectual property disputes in identifying individual inheritors of such projects."Group) inheritance" mainly refers to collective projects in which multiple inheritance individuals jointly master core skills and inheritance groups of mass practice projects.

This kind of comprehensive project relying on group inheritance is difficult to effectively inherit by individual strength alone.

The inheritance of the project can be achieved through the joint participation, division of labor, mutual assistance, and tacit cooperation of the group inheritors.

For example, traditional festivals, large-scale temple fairs in folk customs, as well as traditional collective dances, traditional ensembles and chorus music, traditional drama and other projects.

Although the role of individual inheritors is very important, no individual in the entire creation and inheritance system can be independently and completely shouldered, and often only responsible for part of it.

Taking the inheritance of the "Miao multi-voice love song" of the prefecture-level intangible cultural heritage project in Qiandongnan Prefecture as an example,"Under normal circumstances, the singing of the Miao multi-voice love song requires at least two men and two women to complete it together, and everyone in the entire group plays a complementary role in singing.

It is difficult to judge the so-called 'which is more important and which is not important'."In such projects, the group characteristics of inheritance are distinct.

Only when these inheritors work together can intangible cultural heritage be passed down in an orderly and effective manner.

The group practice characteristics of inheritance are extremely prominent.

Whether it is the identification of representative inheritance individuals or the identification of representative inheritance groups, although they must ultimately be implemented on the inheritance "person", the difference between the two is that individual inheritance is that individuals independently assume the important responsibility of inheritance, reflecting the cultural attributes of independent inheritance; while group inheritance is a collective composed of multiple people jointly undertaking the inheritance task, reflecting the cultural attributes of group participation.

2) Correctly understand and handle the differences between the identification of "representative projects","representative project protection units" and "representative inheritors include individuals and groups)"

First of all, the objects of identification are different.

The focus of the identification of "representative projects" is on the project itself, emphasizing the main responsibilities of people's governments at all levels in project protection.

The "Intangible Cultural Heritage Law of the People's Republic of China" clearly states: "The State Council has established a national-level Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Project List, which will include intangible cultural heritage projects that reflect the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation and have great historical, literary, artistic and scientific value in the list for protection.

The people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government have established a list of representative projects of local intangible cultural heritage, and include intangible cultural heritage projects within their administrative regions that reflect the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation and have historical, literary, artistic, and scientific values in the list for protection."The purpose of identifying" Representative Project Protection Units "is mainly to clarify and implement the protection responsibilities of representative intangible cultural heritage project protection units, and the identification objects are protection units.

In 2014, the General Office of the Ministry of Culture issued the "Notice on Adjusting and Identifying Representative Protection Units for National Intangible Cultural Heritage Projects"(Intangible Cultural Heritage Letter [2014] No.

63), which adjusted and re-identified the national representative intangible cultural heritage project protection units."Representative inheritors should include individuals and groups as mentioned above)" The focus is on who inherited the project.

The "Measures for the Identification and Management of Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage" issued by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2019 pointed out that "Representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage refer to inheritors who undertake representative projects of national intangible cultural heritage.

Project inheritance responsibilities are representative in specific fields and have greater influence in certain areas, and are recognized by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism."This identification system is aimed at" inheritors "and its purpose is to protect the inheritors 'ontology.

Secondly, the identification standards are different.

The identification standards for "representative projects" are mainly based on the unique value, special role and local characteristics of the project in terms of society, history, art, etc.

The "Interim Measures for the Application and Evaluation of Representative Works of National Intangible Cultural Heritage" stipulates its specific evaluation criteria are as follows: "1) It has outstanding value in demonstrating the cultural creativity of the Chinese nation; 2) Cultural traditions rooted in relevant communities, passed down from generation to generation, and have distinctive local characteristics; 3) It has the role of promoting the cultural identity of the Chinese nation, enhancing social cohesion, enhancing ethnic unity and social stability, and is an important link for cultural exchanges; 4) It makes excellent use of traditional crafts and skills, reflecting a superb level; 5) It has the unique value of witnessing the living cultural traditions of the Chinese nation; 6) It is of great significance to maintaining the cultural inheritance of the Chinese nation, and at the same time faces the risk of disappearance due to social changes or lack of protective measures."The" Representative Project Protection Units "system is mainly" dynamic management of national-level representative intangible cultural heritage project protection units ".

Its purpose is to" strengthen management, guide and supervise each protection unit to conscientiously do a good job in national intangible cultural heritage Representative project protection work ".

The identification of" representative inheritors include individuals and groups)"mainly depends on the representation, influence and contribution of inheritors and collectives in inheriting intangible cultural heritage projects.

Article 8 of the "Measures for the Identification and Management of Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage" stipulates that "China citizens who meet the following conditions may apply for or be recommended as representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage: 1) Engage in this intangible cultural heritage inheritance practice for a long time and master the knowledge and core skills of representative projects of national intangible cultural heritage it inherits; 2) Be representative in specific fields and have a great influence in certain areas; 3) Play an important role in the inheritance of this intangible cultural heritage, actively carry out inheritance activities, and cultivate successor talents; 4) Be patriotic and dedicated, abide by disciplines and laws, and be both moral and artistic."

To sum up, the "representative project" identification system protects "folk traditional cultural expressions or cultural spaces with outstanding value", emphasizing the protection of projects with unique values, functions and characteristics, and are endangered; The "representative project protection unit" identification system is mainly to strengthen the "dynamic management of national-level representative intangible cultural heritage project protection units" and strengthen the protection responsibilities of intangible cultural heritage project protection units; The "representative inheritors" identification system emphasizes the mastery, representativeness, influence and enthusiasm of inheriting individuals and groups on the core skills of intangible cultural heritage projects, and takes incentive measures to "encourage and support national-level intangible cultural heritage Representative inheritors carry out inheritance activities."Therefore, the existing "Representative Project Identification System","Representative Project Protection Unit Identification System" and "Representative Inheritor Group Identification System" each have their own focuses and complement each other, and jointly achieve intangible cultural heritage protection from different perspectives.

The goal of protection.

3) Correctly understand and handle the responsibility and rights relationship between representative "inheritance individuals" and "inheritance groups and groups"

The system for identifying representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage currently being implemented is to declare and identify them in an individual form.

The identified inheritors enjoy corresponding honors and benefits, and at the same time bear corresponding inheritance responsibilities and obligations.

This individual-centered inheritor identification system is undoubtedly effective for projects that rely on independent individuals to inherit, but it is obviously unreasonable for comprehensive projects that are passed down by many people, because if "reputation" and "treatment" are only given to a "representative inheritor" in a comprehensive project, this may dampen the enthusiasm of other inheritors, intensify conflicts among inheritors, and affect the normal inheritance of this project.

Therefore, establishing separate identification systems for representative "inheritance individuals" and "inheritance groups" of intangible cultural heritage is an important measure to properly handle the "unity of responsibilities, rights and interests" relationship between different types of representative inheritors.

First, in accordance with the principle of "unity of responsibilities, rights and interests", the legitimate rights and interests of more inheritors are systematically ensured.

Traditional intangible cultural heritage growing in a native environment was originally a spontaneous private act created and passed down spontaneously by the people and generally did not require government financial support.

However, when the transformation of modern society is accelerating, the impact of foreign cultures is intensifying, and intangible cultural heritage is on the verge of crisis, the government has used It has become the consensus and action of countries around the world to take necessary measures to protect the country's excellent traditional culture, such as adopting corresponding incentive policies to protect intangible cultural heritage inheritors.

However, the incentive policy for the protection of intangible cultural heritage inheritors must be based on clarifying the relationship between knowledge ownership, management rights and use rights within intangible cultural heritage projects, and properly handle the responsibilities, rights and interests of each inheritance subject, including individuals and collectives.

relationship to maximize the enthusiasm of all parties.

Theoretically speaking, the rights enjoyed by representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage should include two types: spiritual rights and property rights.

Spiritual rights include spiritual incentives through naming, honorary titles, awarding certificates, etc.; Property rights include the right of signature, inheritance, adaptation, performance, and benefit sharing.

For some projects that meet the conditions for patent granting, representative inheritors can apply for patents to obtain exclusive protection; When others develop and utilize a project inherited by a representative inheritor, the inheritor has the right to know relevant information about the project development and share the benefits gained from commercial development.

From the actual situation, different types of intangible cultural heritage inheritors have different responsibilities and contributions in the inheritance of representative projects, and must enjoy different rights according to different responsibilities and contributions.

To establish a representative inheritor identification system, it is necessary to clarify who is the inheritor and distinguish the responsibilities, rights, and benefits of different types of inheritors-for individual inheritors, the responsibilities and rights of course lie with the inheritor of the project; for group groups) Inheritors, responsibilities and rights of course lie with the inheritor of the project).

Only in this way can the responsibility of inheriting intangible cultural heritage projects be implemented on specific individuals and groups.

Once there is a problem with inheritance, the government knows who should manage, supervise, and hold accountable; once achievements and benefits are achieved, it also knows who should be praised and rewarded.

Who, and to whom the benefits are distributed.

The current implementation of the inheritor identification system characterized by "individualization" reflects the implementation of "elitist" administrative protection ideas at the government main level.

This is fruitful in the primary stage of intangible cultural heritage protection, but from the perspective of development, since it fails to well reflect the responsibilities, rights and interests of the inheritor group, the responsibilities and rights of comprehensive projects of collective inheritance and public practice are only attributed to a certain inheritor.

This has caused the risk of other inheritors dumping their burdens and giving up inheritance.

Establishing a representative recognition system for intangible cultural heritage "inheritance groups and groups" can institutionally ensure the legitimate rights and interests of inheritance groups and groups.

Secondly, we follow the principle of "distribution according to work" and systematically ensure the fairness of the government's distribution of benefits to inheritors.

The intangible cultural heritage benefit-sharing system refers to a system in which rights holders obtain benefits from using intangible cultural heritage projects to conduct profit-making activities, and the benefits are distributed among rights subjects.

Among them, intangible cultural heritage inheritors and groups) enjoy the right to receive remuneration in accordance with the law., we can learn from the principle of fair benefit sharing in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity to protect the due interests of different types of intangible cultural heritage inheritors.

At present, my country has initially established a reward system for representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage at all levels, especially the government's implementation of the special allowance system for representative inheritors.

On the one hand, it solves the living difficulties of inheritors to a certain extent and carries out inheritance activities for them.

Provide basic living security; on the other hand, it also reflects the government's respect for intangible cultural heritage inheritors and affirmation of their social value.

However, the currently implemented "representative inheritors" identification, protection and incentive system only selects a small number of "individuals".

When only one person in a group (group) receives material benefits and social honor incentives, this unfair and uneven distribution will affect the enthusiasm of those outstanding representative inheritors or groups who have not been selected, and may also cause the selected inheritors to be excluded or alienated by their peers.

Therefore, a classification identification system must be implemented for representative inheritors.

The first is to establish an individual identification system for representative inheritors.

Once there are "benefits" for individual inheritors, they will be owned by the inheritors; the second is to establish a representative inheritance group) identification system.

Once there are "benefits" for collective projects passed down by multiple people, they must be owned jointly by all members of the group.

Ensure that the "benefits" of individual projects are owned by individuals, and the "benefits" of group projects are owned by the collective.

In short, my country's current incentive measures for representative inheritors include both "name"-naming, and "reality"-"providing necessary inheritance sites","benefits"-"providing necessary funds" and "rights"-Support for "participating in social welfare activities" and "carrying out inheritance and communication activities", but these are only for representative individual inheritors.

Group) Inheritance projects are jointly passed down through group power.

The prerequisite for orderly inheritance is to build stable group relationships and mobilize the enthusiasm of each team member.

Therefore, a recognition system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups) should be established to emphasize the collective and public nature of the project to ensure that the results and benefits of such projects belong to the group), which will help mobilize the initiative and enthusiasm of more people to inherit intangible cultural heritage.

Operational practice of establishing a recognition system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups

The identification of representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage is centered on project inheritance, and must be classified identification and management.

There are two major categories of identification systems for inheritance of intangible cultural heritage projects based on a certain natural person related to the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage projects with a single attribute and identification systems for inheritance groups based on multiple natural persons.

As mentioned above, what my country is currently implementing is a representative inheritor identification system based on individual citizens.

Therefore, an inheritance group identification system should be established on the existing basis to form a complete intangible cultural heritage inheritor identification system.

From a practical perspective, the following basic work must be done to establish a representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance group identification system.

1) Basic conditions for the identification of representative inheritance groups

The identification of representative inheritance groups) must be based on comprehensive intangible cultural heritage projects that are collectively inherited and practiced by the masses.

Only comprehensive projects can be applied for representative inheritance groups).

The identification should adhere to the following prerequisites.

First, the diversity of inheritance subjects.

Representative inheritance group group) focuses on the complete inheritance of a specific intangible cultural heritage project.

The project consists of a number of indispensable core links.

Different inheritance links are participated by different inheritance individuals or groups.

No individual or group in any link can independently complete the inheritance of the project, and the collective role is far greater than the role of the individual.

That is to say, the application representative inheritance group must be an inheritance collective composed of more than 2 people.

Second, the relevance of the inheritance process.

Representative inheritance group group) Around the inheritance of a comprehensive intangible cultural heritage project, there are close activity connections between the core links.

This inheritance group has maintained a certain scale for a long time and has a clear inheritance system and pedigree within.

Third, inherit the synergy of the team.

Representative inheritance group group) is composed of multiple inheritance groups participating in the core link.

Although the inheritance matters between inheritors or groups in different links have certain independence, only by division of labor and cooperation with each other can they be jointly completed.

project.

Fourth, the representativeness of inheritance projects.

Representative inheritance groups) have been engaged in the inheritance practice of this intangible cultural heritage project for a long time, have certain representativeness and authority in this project field, and have great influence in a certain area.

Fifth, the initiative of inheritance activities.

Representative inheritance groups) play an important role in the inheritance of this intangible cultural heritage project.

They love the inherited projects, actively carry out inheritance activities, and cultivate successor talents.

Sixth, the importance of inheriting the spirit.

Representative inheritance groups) Members must be patriotic and dedicated, abide by disciplines and laws, be both moral and artistic, have a good spirit of unity and cooperation, and form a good inheritance atmosphere.

2) Basic principles for the identification of representative inheritance groups

First, the principle of openness and fairness.

Representative inheritance groups) The identification must adhere to the principles of openness, fairness and fairness, and strictly implement the procedures of application, review, review, publicity, approval and other procedures.

The basic procedures are: government organization, team application, peer review, expert review, publicity and supervision, Identification and announcement must be adhered to.

The leadership of government organizations, the voluntariness of team applications, the professionalism of industry reviews, the scientific nature of expert reviews, and the fairness of social supervision.

Second, the principle of equal coordination.

The identified representative inheritance group) is a collaboration composed of several inheritance individuals who can closely collaborate to complete this comprehensive intangible cultural heritage project in order to achieve a specific common value.

The inheritance individuals are equal to each other.

There is no distinction between high and low or affiliation.

Third, the principle of shared coexistence.

The honor and the rights and interests it brings belong to all individuals in the collective and are not exclusive to any individual among them; the links undertaken by each individual are indispensable to the project, otherwise it will lead to the loss of qualifications and related rights and interests of the inheritance group.

Fourth, the principle of priority for endangerment.

In the identification of representative inheritance groups), at the same level and conditions, priority should be given to those inheritance groups that are of great significance and special value to maintaining the cultural inheritance of the Chinese nation and are facing the risk of disappearance) to promote the rescue protection of such projects.

Fifth, protect ethical principles.

The identification of representative inheritance groups) must follow UNESCO's "Ethical Principles for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage", fully respect the unique value and intellectual property ownership created and accumulated by the inheritors of the project over a long period of time, and respect their inheritance habits., ensure that they inherit in accordance with their own characteristics and laws, and protect their due rights and interests.

3) Institutional system for the identification of representative inheritance groups

First, establish a responsibility system for representative inheritance groups.

Referring to the relevant provisions on the obligations of representative inheritors in the "Measures for the Identification and Management of Representative Inheritors of National Intangible Cultural Heritage", the specific responsibilities and obligations that representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups and groups should bear shall be formulated, and the group will sign a letter of responsibility.

Second, establish a management system for representative inheritance groups.

In accordance with the requirements of the "14th Five-Year Plan for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage" of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, a management system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups and groups will be established, and a directory system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups and groups will be established.

Intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups will be re-examined every three years in accordance with national requirements, and the status of inheritance activities will be regularly checked.

Third, establish a benefit system for representative inheritance groups.

In accordance with the requirements of "Establishing a System for Obtaining and Benefit-Sharing of Intangible Cultural Heritage" in the "Opinions on Further Strengthening the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage" by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council, a benefit system for representative inheritance groups will be established.

First, establish a government compensation mechanism.

Adhere to highlighting actual results and provide corresponding funding and rewards to inheritance groups according to the size of their contributions.

Secondly, establish a benefit-sharing system for project utilization.

In accordance with the relevant provisions of the Intellectual Property Protection Law of the People's Republic of China and drawing on the principle of fair benefit sharing in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, a benefit sharing mechanism in the commercial development of intangible cultural heritage is established to protect intellectual property rights and inheritors.

Rights and interests, ensure that the benefits as a collective project are shared by the inheritance group.

Fourth, establish an assessment system for representative inheritance groups.

Establish an assessment and evaluation system for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups, regularly organize experts to evaluate, inspect and supervise the performance of obligations, and use the evaluation results as the main basis for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups to qualify and obtain teaching subsidies.

Fifth, establish an exit system for representative inheritance groups.

Implement a dynamic management mechanism for representative intangible cultural heritage inheritance groups), adhere to clear rewards and punishments, with superiors and subordinates, and do not engage in a lifelong identity system; conduct regular assessments and inspections, regularly change and revoke those who fail to pass, and truly establish a competition and elimination system., ensure balanced reciprocity and positive interaction of means and purposes, rights and obligations, honors and responsibilities.

The identification system for representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage is an important part of the identification system for representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage.

When formulating the identification system for group and group, we must properly handle the relationship with the "individual inheritance" identification system and learn from the existing Relevant reasonable provisions on the management system for representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage should be provided, and relevant work related to the identification of representative inheritors should be connected with the current work related to the identification of representative inheritors to ensure the coordination and complementarity of the two, and jointly promote the protection of intangible cultural heritage.

(This article is published in "Cultural Heritage", issue 2, 2022, with the annotations omitted, see the original issue for details)