[Fan Chuangeng/Du Jing] Survey of Ping-tune Sixian Drum and Its Inherited Artists
[Abstract] The flat-tuned si-string drum is one of the traditional storytelling art forms and is mainly popular in southern Shandong.
From the perspective of tradition and change theory, this survey report describes the origin, structure, singing repertoire, inheritance and the living conditions of this artistic style.
It is hoped that this article will arouse people's attention to the rescue of this intangible cultural heritage.
[Keywords] Flat tune silk stringed drum; inheritance artist; intangible cultural heritage rescue
[Document identification code] B
[Article number] 1008-72142005)04-0063-06 Although it cannot be theoretically concluded that storytelling, a popular entertainment activity, only occurs in the context of traditional farming culture, the facts of the modernization movement of China society in the past two decades prove that this folk art activity is declining day by day.
In the eastern coastal areas where modernization is progressing rapidly, it has long disappeared from people's vision.
On October 27 and 28, 1999 ①, we passed through countless villages on the Yizhou Plain and arrived at the thatched house of Mr.
Lin Qingyu, a folk storyteller.
Mr.
Lin ② is a famous storyteller in that area.
Whether in aesthetics, entertainment, or education, he influenced more than a generation.
Folk artists like Mr.
Lin were talents and artists in the eyes of the people during the golden age of their artistic activities.
Now, in an era when film and television art is popularized, they are gradually retreating into a lonely corner.
No one will remember them, and they are quietly disappearing one by one.
1.
Village and Social Environment Lin Qingyu is from Daguan Village, Xinqiao Township, Fei County, Shandong Province.
The village is located four kilometers southeast of Shiqiao Village, where Xinqiao Township Government is located, adjacent to Zaogoutou Town, Lanshan District, Linyi City, and 25 kilometers away from Linyi City.
According to Li Yanming, the 37-year-old village director, the village currently has 4100 acres of cultivated land and a population of 2325.
The village mainly consists of four major surnames, Liu, Lin, Li and Liang, of which Liu has the most surname.
Basically, the history of the development of the four major surnames (families) is a history of village construction.
In 1992, the village committee erected a monument on the northwest corner of the village on the road leading to the township government.
It read: Daguanzhuang Village: In the early years of Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, the Liang surname moved here from Wanliang Village and was named Liangshanzhuang.
Later, it was renamed Daguanzhuang for its prosperity and luck.
But according to Mr.
Lin, it was previously called Dongfeng Shengzhuang, and someone surnamed Guan lived there.
The west and northwest of the village are a connected stone ridge.
The village is located in the low and lower part of the stone ridge, with rows of houses spreading out to the southeast.
There is a Lianxiao School in the northwest corner of the village, and there is a naturally formed water pool in the southeast with a water surface of five acres.
Surrounded by Shuiwang is the vegetable garden of the whole village.
In the western half of the village, there is a main street running through the north and south.
There are more than a dozen Ministores in the village on both sides of the main street.
In recent years, Daguanzhuang Village has established a market.
The lunar calendar is "Erqi Ji".
It is not large in scale and deals with more things needed for rural production and life.
The market is located on the main street.
The housing bases on both sides of this street are favored by villagers, and the houses are much better built than the houses on both sides of other streets.
Being able to win or buy housing bases on both sides of this street not only calculates economic benefits, but also often expresses the cultural symbolism of the villagers 'multiple identities.
In front of the village is a large piece of land on which villagers have relied for generations to survive.
It looks endless and forms a large "lake"(what local people call a piece of land).
On the southern edge of the black soil, there is an east-west stone ridge called Yantai Ridge 5 miles away from the village.
There is a stream from east to west under the Yantai Ridge (north).
It is now in a dry state for most of the year round.
Only during the rainy season can the stream flow.
About a few miles southwest of the village, there is also a small stream, which runs endlessly all year round.
The stream comes from the northwest and flows southeast along the western foot of Yantai Ridge, injects it into the water, and then merges into the Yi River.
Perhaps today's villagers don't know or care much, but when they first built the village, they obviously took feng shui into account, because the village and its surrounding environment form an overall layout.
It is speculated that the ridge in the northwest of the village is the main mountain, and the Mengshan Mountain 60 miles northwest is the ancestral mountain, then Mount Tai, and then Kunlun Mountain.
The source of feng shui in the village should belong to the middle of the three major aspects of my country's ancient feng shui theory.
(He Xiaoxin, Luo Jun, 1995:150) Yantai Ridge in front is Anshan Mountain, and Aishan 30 miles south (20 miles west of Linyi City) is Chaoshan Mountain.
The two rivers flow together, and the southwest is the water entrance.
Obviously, the village follows the construction model of "backing mountains and surrounding water".
According to the general rule of village naming, the name "Daguanzhuang" should mean that there were officials in the village, or it was related to a certain historical official.
However, a search of the six "Fei County Annals" before the Guangxu Period of the Qing Dynasty failed to find the answer, and the villagers of the village were at a loss about it.
Perhaps it is true that as the words on the village stele record, the origin of the village's name stems from an ideal: those who serve as officials are prosperous and auspicious.
Does the village consider the name of Yantai Ridge and the geographical feng shui of the village when changing its name? Today's people in Daguanzhuang are not clear.
Most of the 4100 acres of land in Guodaguanzhuang is black soil, and the rest is some barren mountain soil in the north and northwest of the village.
The black soil in the south of the village was originally a thatched wasteland.
In some places, there was water accumulation in summer.
However, after the renovation of farmland water conservancy infrastructure in the 1970s and the management of each household after the implementation of the household contract responsibility system with joint production in the mid-1980s, it has now become as smooth as the palm of your hand.
In the past, this land was mainly planted with millet, sorghum, and soybeans, with extremely low yields; now the main crops are wheat, corn, and sweet potatoes, which are the staple foods of the villagers.
Before the 1980s, the village could not solve the problem of food and clothing.
Now, in the words of ordinary people,"Grain cannot be eaten." The per capita income of the village, according to government statistics, is 2000 yuan per year.
However, the villagers told us that there was still not enough to spend.
In their words: "I just have no money to spend!" There are no asphalt roads in Guoguan Village, only two sand roads, one connecting the township government and the other connecting the surrounding villages.
In addition, there are several self-built dirt roads, mainly used for agricultural production.
Daguanzhuang Village is located at the easternmost end of Fei County and is on the edge of political location.
And it is also economically marginalized.
Those villages that originally belonged to Linyi County are now in much better economic conditions than Daguanzhuang because they have added roads and are close to Linyi Wholesale City, which ranks among the top three wholesale cities in the country.
Although the "invisible hand" of the market has reached the village, it has just begun.
According to Mr.
Lin, if you are in a corner, you will not be able to catch up with Linyi.
Mr.
Lin sounded a little envious.
In the past few years, young farmers in Daguanzhuang Village often went out to work in the construction industry during their spare time, but in recent years, they have been forced to return to the peaceful rural society from the wandering market outside.
"Playing with dragons and tigers is better than going home and playing with two acres of soil." The land is still the root of their survival.
In recent years, due to the reduction and even cancellation of agricultural taxes and the increase in agricultural product prices, local people have become significantly more enthusiastic about agricultural production than before.
After the Wholesale City, Linyi City has quickly formed an influential wood processing industry and market across the country in recent years, covering the three districts of Linyi City.
Even several connected township farmland has been turned into factories.
Fortunately, during the investigation period, twelve companies in Daguanzhuang Village set up primary wood processing factories-peeling boards factories.
Village director Li Yanming is building his own factory.
2.
In the eyes of the villagers in southern Shandong, whether singing or speaking, as long as they tell long stories, they are called storytelling.
Specifically, they call them different names based on their existing folk cognitive systems.
For example, those who only speak but not sing are called "talking and talking"; as for those who sing, they are called different according to the different instruments used, such as those who play dulcimer, fishing drums, and erhu.
Mr.
Lin said that his folk art is called "Pingdiao Da Drum Si Xian" or "Pingdiao Si Xian Da Drum".
There are three types of instruments used in this folk art: pendants, drumming and castanets (half-moon shape).
The piano is a stringed instrument used to play tunes, and the drum and board are percussion instruments used to beat the beat.
The drum is placed on the drum stand and the board is tied to the middle of the stand.
When playing, Mr.
Lin used the piano with both hands, the board with his left foot, and the drum with his right foot.
The board has two leaves, and one leaf and the drumstick are tied to his feet with a rope.
The stepping of his feet is quite leisurely and rhythmic.
It may be difficult to play three musical instruments at the same time, but he is skillful at it.
The sonorous drums, jingling board rhymes, melodious and slightly resentful piano music, and refreshing and fluent singing often made the audience praise.
We heard that among the dozens of artists at that time, no one could surpass Mr.
Lin.
The big drum silk string is a style that combines singing and singing.
It combines singing and singing with scattered rhymes.
Those that rhyme are called libidi, and those that speak are called flat lyrics.
In most cases, the lyrical part first repeats the content of the paragraph you have told, and then moves into the narrative.
However, the time spent talking jokes is obviously longer than the time spent singing them.
During the lecture, he also beat drums and boards from time to time.
Mr.
Lin studied from Mr.
Wang Kairui, a folk artist in Baishigou Village, Wanggou Township, Fei County, and Mr.
Wang studied from Mr.
Zhao Qingfu, an old man in Langya Village, Zaogoutou Town, Lanshan District, Linyi City in the 1930s.
Mr.
Lin did not know about the Zhao family.
Zhao is long gone, but Wang is still alive.
I heard from Mr.
Lin that his teacher (referring to Wang Kairui) still has many songs.
For these three generations alone, they are all blind artists.
The inheritance method is that the master and apprentice live together.
When the master is singing among the people, Mr.
Lin will remember it by the side.
If there are any unclear questions, he will ask them later.
Mr.
Lin said that due to the many musical instruments, this folk art was once performed by two people.
The ancestor Zhao made a modification.
Although it was still performed by two people, one person played the drum, and the other played the strings and tied a string to his leg to hit the board.
His master Wang Kairui further modified and created it, and since then completed the form of integrating three musical instruments into one.
The period of completion was around 1951 and 1952.
Some local people think that Mr.
Lin's book is called Henan pendant (when we asked Mr.
Lin, Lin denied this statement).
Judging from the pendant used, the repertoire performed, and the tune of the song, it is at least certain that there is some connection between the "Silk String Drum" and the Henan pendant.
Lin studied skills from a teacher at the age of 12, graduated at the age of 15, and then continued to return to his master for continued education.
With his talent, he has mastered more than a dozen major books, mainly including "The Legend of Xiangma","The Legend of the Eight Heroes","Brother Bai Jin Selling Velvet"(also known as "The Story of Velvet"),"Yang Wenguang's Expedition to the South","Jiutou Case","Luo Zhang's Expedition to the South","Luo Tong's Expedition to the North","Feng Shan Selling Fish","Phnom Penh Story","Xue Li's Expedition to the East"(the above are ancient books);"The Legend of the New Children's Expedition to the Wind"," The Legend of the Heroes of the New Children"(the latter two books are new books), etc.
The memory method adopts programmatic memory, that is, the narrative of the story follows a certain program, and the narrative language is highly stylized.
For example, in martial arts, when two sides fight, the following languages are often used: "Two people kill in one place, fighting in Gaixin","Only sand and rocks will fly, and the sky will faint","It is difficult to win in 300 rounds", etc.
Most of the portraits of the characters in the story are also facially based and appear in genre attire.
For example, the description of a young man in a white robe is usually as follows: white helmet and white armor, a pair of white-soled combat boots, a bright silver spear in hand, and a white dragon horse riding under his crotch.
These languages can be switched between different stories.
If you say three turns back every night (one turns back for more than an hour), it will take Mr.
Lin about three months to finish singing all the books he has mastered.
Judging from the content of the story, there are both literary opera and martial arts opera, but the main is martial arts opera, and most of them are heroic legends.
We believe that this is mostly influenced by the aesthetic taste of northern China people who love to listen to stories about martial arts loyalty.
Judging from the artistic form, there are traces of storybooks in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, which has important reference value for the study of ancient storybooks and folk singing and singing art.
Mr.
Lin's proudest book is "The Legend of the Eight Heroes".
He said that very few people in the area can read it and people like it the most.
Du Jing, one of the authors, loved to listen to his "The Velvet" when he was a child.
This song tells the story of a young man, his name is Brother Bai Jin.
His father was killed by a traitor in his early years, and his mother was raped by a traitor and hanged herself.
After his family was destroyed, Brother Platinum became an orphan.
Brother Bai Jin became the top scorer at the age of 12.
He visited his enemy privately and made a private peace with his daughter (this was an adopted daughter of the enemy, and her family was also harmed by the traitor, and the traitor brought her mother and daughter into the house).
Later, with the help of a servant girl, he finally brought the traitor to justice and avenged the revenge.
Mr.
Lin said that most of the stories were invited to go during the summer farming season.
His rap has a fixed formula.
Every night after tidying up the belongings (referring to preparing the musical instruments), there is a transitional sentence like this: "Okay, it's getting late and there are many guests.
I have nothing to do (or I'm idle even if I'm idle), so let's just sing!" Next, we will talk about one of the following three poems: ① On the north bank of the Bingxiao River, flowers bloom towards the sun, opens the golden drum biography, and discusses the sages 'poems.
② There are many stars and moons in the sky, many people underground are uneven, there are many flowers blooming on the mountains, and there are many fish in the rivers and the water is unclear.
③ Horses carved saddles will hang their robes, and the good generals of the Three Kingdoms count their horses.
Zhao Zilong rescued Ah Dou on the slope of Changban, and Zhang Yide shouted off the Dangyang Bridge.
Then he said: "This is also considered to be four sentences as poems, eight sentences as outlines, and twelve sentences as Xijiang Moon." On the first night in a village, I often sang like this at the beginning: I would like to listen to literature, I would like to listen to martial arts, I would like to listen to traitors, and I would like to listen to loyalty.
I would like to listen to Wu's "The Legend of Xiangma", I would like to listen to Wen's "Bao Gong", I would like to listen to the traitor's "Nanguo Tai", I would like to listen to the loyal singing of Liu Yong, the half-literary and half-martial "Shuanheyin", and the sour and bitter Brother Bai Jin.
接下来是“拉书片”（一个小故事段子），目的在于等听众。There are many contents in the short book, such as "Luo Cheng's divination","Confucius Sage truants", etc.
Most of them are taken from the chain of long stories, and sometimes they are improvised.
It takes about ten minutes.
According to Mr.
Lin, it is "three sentences of haha and five sentences of laughter." When entering a big book, you often start with "The last book mentioned..." An hour later, at a critical moment, he put aside the suspense,"If you want to know what your life is, let's listen to the next discussion." Then stop to rest and communicate with the audience.
It usually ends around twelve o'clock every night, and the closing sentence is "Say it, please, and listen again tomorrow night." Mr.
Lin has a particularly good memory and can remember the book he listens to once or twice.
He took the stage at the age of 15 and performed truly independently at the age of 20.
In 1982, the Cultural Bureau of Fei County approved Mr.
Lin with a "performance certificate"(this can be regarded as the state power giving Mr.
Lin legal art student property rights).
His brothers are from Hedong District, Linyi City, and from Yinan County.
According to Mr.
Lin's recollections, teacher Wang Karui was more kind and was not a master from the old era.
Teacher Wang can accept new things and changes quickly.
This left a deep impression on Mr.
Lin.
In the summer of 1963, Mr.
Lin Qingyu entered Fei County for the first time to participate in a folk art performance.
During the Fourth Qing Dynasty and the Cultural Revolution, the Four Oldnesses were broken and the evil spirits were opposed, and they were not allowed to work.
In 1979, Fei County organized another performance show, and Mr.
Lin participated.
It is said to have also been recorded.
We asked the Cultural Bureau of Fei County about this matter, but the tape was missing.
In 1982, I visited Northeast China for about two months, and tried to tell stories there.
The local people recognized and liked it less.
Mr.
Lin said: "The accent is different, so I can't understand it." The last storytelling was in 1988, and I never did it again.
During the interview, we asked him about this, and he said two things: first, no one listened to old dramas, and the television became wider (popular); second, when he was old, he didn't want to do it anymore, and at the same time, his children were also worried that something would happen on the road.This issue is related to social change.
Storytellers are people who make a living by making folk art products.
During the period of social transformation, public spiritual consumption has also changed.
Many spiritual creations with full folk taste have lost their former hot markets.
Artists were suddenly thrown from the center of people's spiritual life in the past to the edge.
Therefore, when television entered the homes of ordinary people in this area in the mid-to-late 1980s, listening to books slowly withdrew from the stage of public aesthetics or leisure, and storytellers who used this as a means of making a living gradually lost their jobs.
Storytelling and listening to books are a bilateral interactive relationship.
Any folk storyteller has his own relatively stable audience, so he has a roughly stable working area.
Mr.
Lin's calligraphy skills are very high, his language is vivid, his pronunciation is clear, and his string tunes are beautiful, making him very popular among the public.
The scope of his activities is relatively large, mainly in the former Linyi City, Mengyin, Yinan, Fei County, Pingyi County and other places.
From the mid-to-late 1970s to the mid-1980s, Mr.
Lin's calligraphy career peaked.
At this time, his income was also relatively ideal.
When I go to the market to tell books at the bookstore, I earn more than ten yuan a day when I am high, and when I am low, I earn no less than four or five yuan a day.
If you are invited by the village, you can pay 6 yuan a day for the more, and three or four yuan for the less, and you can also take care of food.
This amount may not be much now, but at that time a catty of pork was only 50 cents.
Mr.
Lin said that money was valuable at that time.
In the memories of many local people, Mr.
Lin was often led by his youngest son with a bamboo pole to nearby villages to tell stories.
Hospitality book fans compete to manage the meals from the home and the west, while the remuneration for storytelling is paid by the brigade.
It should be said that he has income every day.
At that time, his income was very high locally.
During the investigation, it was found that Mr.
Lin's wife Zheng Guirong, an artist, had a lot of nostalgia for that time.
We can also know from people in Daganzhuang that the days of Mr.
Lin's family were numerous in the village.
3.
The home of Mr.
Lin, a blind artist in the real world, is located in the middle of the village, next to the village committee.
He was born blind.
He was born in 1941.
He had three brothers.
The older brother was born to his half-mother, and the younger brother shared the same father and mother.
My brother went to Kanto in his early years and is still outside the Pass.
Due to the same father and half mother, his father passed away for many years, and his brother did not support his mother.
Mother Lin is now in her eighties and lives with Mr.
Lin's son.
Mr.
Lin's wife, Zheng Guirong, was born in the village in 1936 and blind.
She studied arts with Mr.
Lin and is a true relationship between a teacher and a brother.
The two of them supported each other and respected each other.
Over the past few decades, the couple has raised three men and two women.
The eldest son is a family of four, the second son is also a family of four, and the third son is a family of three; both daughters have left their homes and established a family.
Mr.
Lin and his wife have many children and grandchildren.
However, Mr.
Lin does not live with his children and grandchildren.
They live in old houses where they have given birth to children and have left.
Facing you are low double doors, the black paint has long peeled off.
The door faces southwest and is called Kunmen in Feng Shui.
There is a toilet built in the southeast corner of the yard.
A West Pot House (Kitchen Room) is slightly lower than the main room.
There is a pomegranate tree in front of the pot house, and there are three main rooms next to the pot house.
The main room and the pot house are all covered with grass, and there is an earth wall.
There is a half-foot gravel foundation under the earth wall.
It has been in disrepair for a long time and the wall skin has fallen off.
It makes people feel a sense of vicissitudes.
The earth wall is not built with ramming or adobe, but is built with mud cakes made of grass in wet areas and then straightened.
Judging from this construction method, this house was built in the 1960s at the latest, because there were no such houses in the area since then.
The southern wall in the east room of the main house was demolished to form an open house where his son's agricultural tricycle was parked; the western two rooms were inhabited by Mr.
Lin and his wife.
Next to the east of the main hall door is a stone mill that has been abandoned for a long time.
The stone mill is well preserved.
On top of the mill are pickle tanks and basins, and white zinc and iron plates are upside down in the mill trough.
The main house door is also double and has a handle door (outer short door).
There is a wooden peg on the wall to the west of the door, and an oil bottle hangs from the peg.
There are three wooden pegs on the wall next to the east of the door.
One of them is hung with a wire fence and a bed (locally called a caipan), and the other two pegs are one meter apart, with a hook pole hanging across them.
After entering the door of the house, there is a long cement bar under the north wall.
Next to the bar is a large Eight Immortals table with a master chair on each side.
There is a small table under the Eight Immortals Table.
It is taken out when eating and pushed in when not in use.
There is a bed under the Dongshan Wall, which is usually used for resting at noon.
Putting a bed in Mingjianli (Zhongtang) is a custom in this area and is mostly used for elderly people at home.
Next to the west side of the door (inside) is a coal ball stove.
In addition, there is a fan hanging in the bright room.
There were no walls between the Yexi Village and the Ming Dynasty.
In the old days, straw was used to sandwich thin walls.
On the thin wall, gourd heads can be hung, New Year pictures can be posted, chili skewers can be hung, and pins can be inserted.
Mr.
Lin's house is separated by only a cloth curtain.
Xili Room is the bedroom of Mr.
and Mrs.
Lin.
An old-style face bed (there is a fence on the outward side of the bed, engraved with various patterns, flowers, or legends).
The bedding on the bed is also very ordinary.
The bed of the bed is against the West Mountain Wall and placed against the north wall.
A shed is placed on the bed (a red mat is covered on the mosquito net frame) to cover the fall of dust and dirt on the house.
Next to the bed and pasted to the Western Mountain Wall is an old-fashioned wardrobe.
In front of the wardrobe is an old wooden Ma Wuzi (a kind of sitting equipment), which is quite large and we have never seen before.
There is a lattice wooden window on the south wall (sometimes, it is difficult to find two such wooden windows in a village in this area).
There are also two grain tanks containing wheat.
The inner room was too dark, so Du Jing asked Mr.
Lin to turn on the lights (the purpose of setting the lights was mainly for children when they came home).
After saying this, I suddenly felt that I had made a mistake, afraid that I would accidentally hurt Mr.
Lin's self-esteem.
Hanging on the western mountain wall above the inner wardrobe are the pendants and the drumdrums.
The two musical instruments are packed in a clay cloth bag and then placed in a large bag, while the drum stands are placed in the corner of the wall.
This simple courtyard structure and simple indoor layout have full folk customs meaning.
This was a relatively common custom pattern in this area before the mid-1970s.
This model has now been broken by bungalow-style courtyards and indoor combinations equipped with some modern household appliances.
Mr.
Lin's home is more or less like a folk museum.
Mr.
and his wife were wearing relatively simple clothes, with a blue hat, blue jacket, blue trousers, and old-style handmade cloth shoes with traces of stitching.
The 84-year-old mother had just been separated from them and was taken care of by Mr.
Lin's eldest son.
Despite this, we still have many questions about such a double-blind family, such as basic life issues such as drinking water and cooking.
There is no running water or pressurized well in the yard.
The water is picked up by the sons in turn.
Previously, when the primary school had not been relocated, students took care of Mr.
Lin and drank water every day.
Now the primary school has been moved to the northwest corner of the village near the village monument.
The school teacher said that due to the distance, we have never carried water again.
The old couple did the frying and cooking themselves.
We witnessed with our own eyes how they cooked, ate, went to the toilet, and even Mrs.
Lin mended clothes.
We marveled that they were just like ordinary people.
They are too familiar with everything at home.
They know everything well where they put it, how to find it, and what obstacles there will be on the road.
We thought that the village should take appropriate care of a family like Mr.
Lin.
But Mr.
Lin has a son, and the village committee has no arrangements.
Like countless families in China, this elderly couple can only accept family-style elderly care.
The three sons supply Mr.
Lin, his wife and his mother with 1200 kilograms of grain every year.
In addition, my son does not provide pocket money regularly.
Sometimes my daughter often comes to visit.
When asked if the money and goods were enough, Mr.
Lin replied "It's okay", but Mr.
Lin's wife was a little dissatisfied.
During the second interview, when talking about their lives, Zheng Guirong shed tears and expressed his dissatisfaction with his sons 'filial piety.
Mr.
Lin quickly stopped her.
Don't expose your family's dirty laundry.
From everything at home, we know that their living standards are in a low state and they can only eat and drink.
Mr.
Lin said that they have to pay public grain and various collective retention funds every year as usual.
For such blind and disabled elderly people who cannot engage in production and can still contribute to the country, our eyes can't help but become moist.
A large amount of fieldwork tells us that a considerable number of blind artists often make a living by telling fortune along the street and telling fortune when they lose their livelihood.
We tried to inquire Mr.
Lin about this issue.
He was cautious and denied that he had engaged in such superstitious activities.
In fact, he did engage in such activities.
I don't know much in recent years, but a villager told us that he had seen him walking through villages and alleys a few years ago, ringing bells and vibrating boards.
In addition, local people calmly view him as fortune-telling, but now people are also skeptical about his fate.
But those who do not believe can also treat them with tolerance and believe that God has the virtue of good life and does not cut off the livelihood of disabled people.
At any rate, Mr.
and Mrs.
Lin have no major health problems.
I sincerely wish them good health and a long life! We try to find clues in the past years to decipher why Mr.
Lin kept his mouth shut.
During the Qing Dynasty and the Cultural Revolution, the Four Olds-style literary works were destroyed.
Obviously, they had been criticized and "re-educated".
Even the traditional bibliography was not called "spoken" because it was propaganda of feudal ideas.
We must change to some modern new books that promote Mao Zedong Thought such as "The Legend of Heroes of the New Sons and Sons" and "Battle of Shanghai".
Although we stated our intention from the beginning, he still had lingering fears.
His concerns could be understood, so he stopped asking.
When I was interviewed for the second time, I encountered him going out to ask for fortune telling, and he admitted it.
When asked why, he said that he was unfamiliar with us for the first time, and telling such superstitious things to an unknown person would bring trouble to himself.
Fortune telling is called "gold business" by people.
This is a helpless survival choice and cultural adaptation made by the inheritors of folk rap art when it lost its market.
There is an episode here.
While taking photos of the two elderly people, the neighbor in the east climbed to the top of the bungalow and said,"Second Uncle, you and your wife are taking wedding photos again." Jokes between uncles and nephews (not biological uncles and nephews) are extremely common in this area.
Mr.
Lin replied: "Little naughty child (illegitimate child, private child)! Married again." Mr.
Lin has a good reputation among his neighbors, and it can also be seen that his neighbors have a harmonious relationship.
4.
A touch of sunset at the end of the interview.
As the interview approaches the end, we want to see Mr.
Lin's acting style back then and listen to his moving singing speeches, such as: "Yellow wind, black wind, yellow wind, black wind, and black wind twist into a rope, blowing the earth into a mess (shaking)." At our repeated requests, Mr.
Lin happily climbed to the top of the cabinet and took down his belongings.
In the yard, he skillfully picked up the musical instruments, the drum stands were covered with spider webs, and the castanets were rusty, no longer old.
The strings sounded, the boards sounded, and the drums also sounded.
As Mr.
Lin sang, the dust on the drums was flying.
Mr.
Lin is very excited, and so are we.
After all, this is the opening of the golden drum more than ten years after the drum was closed.
Mr.
Lin seemed to have forgotten the current state and returned to the art world of the past.
"Mr.
Lin, he is still as good as he was." "I can't do it anymore, I'm getting old." "Don't the children want to learn anything, this craft?" "No…" "What's the use of learning? It doesn't matter what you eat or wear." ..
Most of my country's intangible cultural heritage suffers from the same situation as flat-tuned silk strings and drums, which should attract people's close attention.
References: He Xiaoxin, Luo Jun.
History of Feng Shui [M].
Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 1995.
This article was originally published in "Folk Culture Forum", No.
4, 2005.
Please refer to the original print publication for annotations