[Zhang Zhaolin] Research on Industry Associations in the Field of Intangible Cultural Heritage
[Summary] Industry associations are an important force in the protection of intangible cultural heritage.
To conduct systematic research on them, we must actively learn from the experience of the construction of industry associations in other fields at home and abroad, clarify the social positioning of industry associations in intangible cultural heritage, and clarify their specific functions and implementation methods, promote the construction of industry associations from four aspects: organizational structure, charter, service scope and objects, and link role, and design a practical evaluation system based on their specific functions.
[Keywords] Scientific construction of social positioning functions of industry associations
Industry associations are voluntary intermediaries between industry entities (mainly enterprises and individuals) and the government.
Because they not only closely connect with industry entities, but also play a role as the government's transmitter to a certain extent, they have always been highly valued by the government and various industries.
The research on the protection of intangible cultural heritage in the new era lasted for only ten years, and the focus of the research is mostly on the protection subjects are mainly the government and academia) and the inheritance subjects are mainly the inheritors of specific projects).
Industry associations have paid less attention to the practical field of intangible cultural heritage protection and have not yet recognized the importance and irreplaceability of industry associations in protection practice, which is inconsistent with our ever-increasing protection work.
Industry associations are an important force in the protection of intangible cultural heritage because they play a role at the forefront of protection work.
At the same time, because some intangible cultural heritage projects need to rely on social organizations with similar functions to industry associations for inheritance and development, they also undertake the inheritance functions of certain intangible cultural heritage projects.
Since my country comprehensively launched the protection of intangible cultural heritage, industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage are gradually being established.
The important issue we face now is how to promote their standardization construction and give full play to their positive energy in protection practice.
The government has a clear understanding of the social positioning and specific functions of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage.
As the main coordinating department for the protection of intangible cultural heritage in my country, the Ministry of Culture has clearly pointed out that "we must give full play to the positive role of existing industry associations such as traditional arts and crafts, encourage the establishment of industry associations related to intangible cultural heritage, and support associations in carrying out intangible cultural heritage.
Cultural heritage promotion, display, education, dissemination, research, publishing and other activities, encourage associations to formulate representative projects related to intangible cultural heritage in raw materials, Relevant standards and specifications in traditional craft processes and core skills support the association in carrying out industry management, industry services, industry rights protection and other work, and promote the healthy development of productive protection of intangible cultural heritage through industry self-discipline and industry supervision."⑴
Although the "Guiding Opinions of the Ministry of Culture on Strengthening the Productive Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage" provide a paradigm for the construction of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage from the policy level, it does not improve the specific and operable construction model.
How to implement this guidance to the operational level and truly give full play to the functions and role of industry associations in the protection of intangible cultural heritage still requires systematic research by the academic community to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for specific practices.
Therefore, it is very necessary and practical to systematically carry out research on industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage.
1.
Concept and social positioning of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage
1) Definition of the concept of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage
Defining the concept of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage is the key to distinguishing its similarities and differences from other industry organizations and clarifying its social role.
It is also the basis point and theoretical prerequisite for studying how industry associations can play a specific role in the field of intangible cultural heritage.
To define the concept of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage, we must first examine the academic research on industry associations in other fields.
Academic circles mainly define the concept of industry associations from three perspectives: First, from the perspective of anti-monopoly law, they believe that industry associations are non-profit legal persons with the purpose of safeguarding the common interests of the same industry, serving members of the organization, and operating independently under government supervision.
The second is that from the perspective of constituent entities, industry associations are industry groups composed of units in the same or similar industries to safeguard common interests, determine various industry standards, and exchange business strategies.
It can be composed of a single industry member or multiple members with common interests, and usually takes joint actions on behalf of its members, such as collecting industry data, publishing advertisements, developing markets, and coordinating relationships with government departments.
The third is that from the perspective of function and nature, industry associations are non-profit organizations composed of competitors in a single industry.
The basic purpose of their establishment and operation is to provide some public services to their members (2).
Drawing on academic research on relevant industry associations, and combined with the reality of my country's intangible cultural heritage field and the needs of protection work, we can define industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage as:"In the field of intangible cultural heritage, those who strictly abide by relevant national laws and regulations and are spontaneously formed by inheritance entities of similar or similar intangible cultural heritage projects mainly serve members within the organization and use unofficial folk activities as the main method.
A non-profit non-governmental organization with the service purpose of promoting the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage projects in the field, serving as an intermediary between inheritance entities and the government, and actively playing a bridge role." The above definition of the concept of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage mainly considers five factors: 1.
The same industry nature of the members of the industry association, that is, the members of the association are the inheritance entities of similar or similar intangible cultural heritage projects, and can be individuals, legal persons or other organizations.
2.
The autonomy of industry association members means that members in the industry have the right to voluntarily choose to participate or withdraw.
3.
Industry associations have the dual nature of individual self-interest and social welfare.
The industry association is committed to safeguarding the common interests of the industry, but it is not for profit.
At the same time, it also bears a certain degree of social responsibility, so it also has a certain social welfare nature.
4.
The intermediary nature of industry associations is the essential feature of social intermediary organizations represented by industry associations, reflecting their intermediary status and bridge role between the government and industry members.
5.
Industry associations have a single purpose, that is, the main purpose is the inheritance and revitalization of intangible cultural heritage in their field.
These five factors are interconnected and act together.
They fully consider the same characteristics of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage as industry associations in other fields, and are committed to the inheritance and revitalization of intangible cultural heritage projects.
Therefore, to judge whether a social organization in the field of intangible cultural heritage is an industry association, we only need to examine whether the social organization has the above five elements at the same time.
2.
Role positioning of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage
To study the role of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage, it is necessary to clarify the specific functions undertaken by industry associations in this field and the methods through which they exercise their functions.
Through research, it is not difficult to find that industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage have always played the role of firm defenders of industry interests in specific protection practices.
Their role is mainly in two aspects.
On the one hand, they are self-management within the industry and strengthen the construction of the industry itself; On the one hand, as a representative of industry interests, it expresses certain industry interests and demands through active communication and joint response outside the industry to strive for a healthier and more favorable external environment for the industry.
Industry associations play a role in the field of intangible cultural heritage through self-management, mainly manifested in: building a platform for information exchange among members within the industry association, and negotiating and formulating industry norms that are in line with the overall interests of the industry and have certain self-restraining effects; Industry associations As representatives of industry interests, they help members handle their relationships with other industries on the basis of abiding by relevant laws and regulations, and safeguard the interests of members within the industry association.
Industry associations express certain industry interests and demands through active communication and joint response, mainly manifested in: carrying out certain exchange activities with other industry associations on behalf of industry members to improve the service capabilities of industry associations; under the guidance of the government and academia, formulate forward-looking plans for the industry, clarify the industry's vision for the future period, and provide reference for members in the industry; Reflect the common demands of the industry to the government as an industry spokesperson, and at the same time serve as an assisting force of the government to provide information and consultation on the formulation of relevant policies and implementation of measures; in certain circumstances, such as obtaining authorization from the state), it can represent the country to participate in specific intangible cultural heritage projects.
International exchanges, etc.
2.
Practical and theoretical research on the construction of industry associations at home and abroad
Industry associations are not new around the world.
Domestic academic circles believe that it began in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
According to this, industry associations have developed in our society for thousands of years.
However, due to the tradition of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business in feudal society, historical materials related to industry associations are relatively scarce, and relevant records cannot even be found in official history.
The commercial economy of European and American countries developed earlier, the corresponding market mechanisms are relatively mature, and the development and construction of industry associations are relatively complete.
Therefore, their practice in the construction of industry associations is very worthy of our reference.
1.
Operating model of foreign industry associations
Industry associations or social organizations with similar functions in developed countries such as the United States, France, Germany, and Japan have gone through decades or even hundreds of years of development.
They have formed a relatively mature construction model in the long-term practice of market economy., and has been proved to be scientific and reasonable, and has important reference value and significance for the reform and construction of industry associations in my country.
The academic community has paid attention to this point, carried out a large number of targeted research, and achieved considerable academic research results.
By summarizing and analyzing relevant domestic research results, it is not difficult to find that the functions of industry associations in countries such as the United States, France, Germany and Japan mainly include the following aspects: 1.
Promote self-discipline among members within industry associations.
Self-supervision, restraint and management of the industry are mainly carried out by formulating relevant industry standards that are commonly observed.
2.
Provide information consulting services and government affairs assistance.
Provide members of industry associations with various information including market, technology, etc.; solve problems encountered by member companies in operation and management through seminars, training and other forms; carry out vocational skills training for workers through various forms; edit and publish publications of the association to disseminate advanced knowledge.
3.
Give full play to the role of industry spokespersons, inform relevant service departments of members 'opinions, and actively provide service assistance to member companies.
4.
Play a central coordinating role.
It plays different coordinating roles between the government and member companies, between member companies and the market, between member companies and other associations, and among members within associations.
5.
Actively promote international exchanges and cooperation between the same industry, expand the international influence of the industry through foreign trade or cultural exchanges, and seek wider industry interests.
2) Domestic exploration of industry associations in other fields
Some provinces and cities in China have fully realized the important role played by industry associations, and have also realized the serious problems existing in industry associations in my country's departments and fields.
They have actively tried to promote the reform and construction of industry associations and achieved certain results in practice.
In order to promote the reform and development of industry associations, Shanghai City specially issued the "Notice on the Implementation Opinions of the City's Further Support for Industry Associations and Chambers of Commerce to Accelerate Reform and Development"(April 24, 2008), further clarifying that "industry associations play an important role in improving market allocation efficiency, coordinating industry interests, maintaining fair competition in the market, strengthening industry integrity and self-discipline, and promoting social harmony." At the same time, relevant departments are required to "support industry associations in hosting independent meetings and perform service, self-discipline, representation, and coordination functions" in accordance with relevant rules and policies, guide industry associations to effectively provide services to enterprises in the sustainable development of the industry, and guide industry associations to safeguard domestic industrial interests and support enterprises to participate in international competition.
Play an important role, guide industry associations to promote regional economic cooperation, and guide industry associations to promote reforms, Participate in social management and public services and play a role.
The Jiangsu Province Import and Export Chamber of Commerce is a typical case of relatively successful construction of domestic industry associations.
The Jiangsu Province Import and Export Chamber of Commerce was established in 2002.
Since its establishment, it has received strong guidance from relevant departments such as the Jiangsu Province Federation of Industry and Commerce and the Provincial Department of Foreign Trade.
However, the relevant departments have not taken on a more rough basis and directly participated in the specific affairs of the Chamber of Commerce.
Instead, through external suggestions and policy guidance, the Chamber of Commerce has established and improved an autonomy mechanism, service mechanism, coordination mechanism, self-discipline mechanism, and the Chamber of Commerce's institutions, Personnel and finance aspects have also been completely decoupled from relevant government departments, and they have been able to independently carry out specific service coordination work in economic practice.
In summary, the functions of the Jiangsu Province Import and Export Chamber of Commerce mainly include: 1.
Assisting member enterprises of the Chamber of Commerce in solving various problems faced by them in accordance with laws and regulations.
2.
Coordinate the relationship between member companies, member companies and the government, and the Chamber of Commerce and other social organizations, defend the overall interests of the industry, and urge member companies to fulfill corresponding social responsibilities.
3.
Promote self-discipline among member companies within the Chamber of Commerce by formulating and improving professional ethics, codes of conduct, qualification standards, rules of procedure, arbitration rules, etc.
in the industry.
Effectively avoid unfair competition.
3.
Problems existing in industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage and direction of construction
In the new era, to give full play to the functions of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage, we must first carefully identify the problems existing in industry associations in current practice, sum up experience in a timely manner, fully learn from the construction experience of other industry associations at home and abroad, and actively promote the standardized construction of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage.
1.
Problems existing in industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage
With the deepening of the practice of intangible cultural heritage protection, we have found that the industry associations that have been established in this field do have many problems.
Their models are no longer suitable for the development needs of the new situation and cannot meet the development needs of internal members of the association.
They have seriously affected their role positioning and important functions, and even delayed the inheritance and development of intangible cultural heritage projects in the industry to some extent.
The specific manifestations are as follows: 1.
The market position is vague and the administrative color is strong.
Due to special national conditions, industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage in my country, like associations and organizations in other industries, are mostly created under the leadership of the government.
They are generally affiliated with higher-level administrative departments, mainly cultural management departments and economic and trade departments.
Therefore, to a certain extent, they have the label and administrative color of a "secondary government".
2.
Lack of functions and low contribution rate.
Although it also claims to serve members of the association, there are serious gaps in industry planning, industry self-discipline, industry dispute coordination, etc., and its contribution to industry members is not obvious enough.
3.
The self-operating mechanism is not working well.
The actual external government intervention and unscientific and reasonable association charter have led to the inherent flaws of the association, and autonomous and democratic organization of meetings has become a dead letter.
2) Construction direction of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage
The successful practices and valuable experiences of foreign industry associations, as well as the reform measures taken by economically developed provinces such as Shanghai and Jiangsu to follow the characteristics of industry associations and market rules, have provided excellent reference paradigms and experiences for the construction of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage.We should fully learn from and closely combine the characteristics of similar intangible cultural heritage projects and the actual situation in the industry, and actively promote the construction of industry associations in this field, thereby increasing the overall protection effectiveness of different protection forces in the field of intangible cultural heritage, and further Promote the standardization, systematization and scientific protection work.
1.
Industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage are independent social organizations that are subject to the supervision of government agencies, but are not affiliated to a specific government department.
In the current legal system, due to the lack of definition of the relationship between industry associations and the government, members, and other similar organizations, and the lack of regulations on the organizational structure, functional positioning, operating model and management system of industry associations, the construction of many industry associations is a certain disorder.
Most industry associations were created under the strong promotion of relevant government departments.
Although they have achieved seemingly independent social status to a certain extent, they still lack the autonomy they deserve.
Leaders in industry associations are also mostly nominated or approved by government departments (3), making the corresponding industry associations a shadow organization of some government departments.
The state's attitude towards promoting industry associations to divest their relationships with relevant government agencies and grant them independent status consistent with their functions is extremely clear and positive,"insisting on the separation of government and council.
Rationalize the relationship between the government and industry associations, clearly define the functions of industry associations, and improve and standardize management methods." "Industry associations must independently carry out activities in strict accordance with laws, regulations and articles of association, and effectively solve problems such as serious administrative tendencies and dependence on the government.
It must be completely separated from the government, its departments, enterprises and institutions in terms of functions, institutions, staff, finance, etc., and those currently working together must be separated within a time limit.
Current civil servants are not allowed to concurrently hold leadership positions in industry associations.
Those who really need to concurrently hold positions must be approved in strict accordance with relevant regulations."⑷
Since industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage were established relatively late, and even many industry associations have not yet been established in the field of intangible cultural heritage, they are facing a new space, and they can completely avoid being stuck with the clichés and avoid falling into other industry associations.
Embarrassing situation.
Industry associations constructed in the field of intangible cultural heritage should not be affiliated with government departments, but industry autonomous organizations with independent status and non-governmental nature that are voluntarily formed by inheritance entities in the field of intangible cultural heritage in the same field.
However, in real operation, there are also some difficulties.
According to the current regulations on the management of relevant industry associations, the establishment of new industry associations needs to be affiliated with a business competent department before they can be registered with the civil affairs department.
However, this makes it easy to follow the old path of other industry associations.
Therefore, we must find a new approach and explore an independent legal person construction model in accordance with the construction idea of "voluntary establishment, independent management according to the articles of association, and member-oriented service", by registering with the industrial and commercial department, so that it has its own independent Articles of association, office location, fixed assets, the ability to independently bear legal responsibilities in case of legal disputes, and the ability to exercise its own functions in accordance with the authorization of laws and regulations and the entrustment of the government and the articles of association.
2.
Industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage must have complete charters and be able to carry out various tasks independently.
The charter of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage is an industry autonomy charter formulated through the association member congress on the premise of abiding by relevant national legal systems.
It aims to regulate industry behavior and the rights and obligations between the association and its members and even other members of society.
The formulation and revision of this charter will strictly abide by the principle that the minority of members obeys the majority in the industry association.
Once implemented, it will be generally binding on the industry association itself and its relevant members.
The core components of the charter include the tasks, business scope, activity principles, members 'conditions, obligations, rights, organizational system, the generation, recall and rights of institutional members, the management and use of funds and assets, and the charter.
Amendments, etc., only a charter with the above basic contents can truly play its role.
Although industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage are not affiliated with any administrative department, there is strong interaction between their complete charter and national laws.
National laws are the overall regulations on social life, but to a large extent there is a lack of operable legal texts in different fields, which is particularly evident in the field of intangible cultural heritage protection.
As direct managers and participants in specific businesses, industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage are more convenient for timely access to real and specific information within the industry, and are more targeted and operable in the formulation of industry norms.
Therefore, the complete charter of this industry association can make up for the lack of relevant national legal systems in industry management, especially the management of specific intangible cultural heritage projects, and to a certain extent maintains and realizes the public order advocated by the law and the public interests pursued.
At the same time, after a certain period of practice and revision, it can be promoted into national legislation when it matures, becoming an important source of industry management law, and continuously improving the construction of corresponding national laws and regulations.
Once an industry association in the field of intangible cultural heritage is established, the association will independently bear civil legal responsibilities.
As long as it does not conflict with the relevant national legal system, it can decide its own organizational structure, personnel appointment and daily affairs, independently carry out various tasks, and truly achieve It is people-run, people-run, and civil.
Of course, industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage must also actively seek business guidance from local governments and obtain timely information on policies, regulations, and major reform measures of the state and relevant departments, so as to make it easier to carry out service work efficiently.
3.
Industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage must mainly serve members within the organization, use unofficial non-governmental activities as the main method, and carry out business activities with the purpose of promoting the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage projects in the field.
When industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage serve their members internally, they mainly use two methods: service and self-discipline.
The main services are as follows: establishing an efficient information service platform for association members, improving a diversified and full-coverage information collection and transmission network, thereby providing market information, policies and regulations, technical information, etc.
closely related to the industry; communicating with the academic community in a timely manner, and trying to jointly carry out research on industry trends and strategies, and release the research results to association members in a timely manner; Actively participate in communication activities at various levels, understand the development hotspots and dynamics of different regions, learn from advanced experience, promote and promote industry products, enhance specific intangible cultural heritage projects and industry image, and expand influence.
Self-discipline is mainly manifested in the following: industry self-discipline measures such as warnings, industry criticism or even expulsion of membership in accordance with the industry association's charter for members who violate the association's charter, relevant technical standards, and damage the rights and interests of the industry that cause damage to the overall interests of the industry; Affirm standards and behaviors that are conducive to the overall improvement of the industry, and actively promote them in the industry to continuously promote the development of industry members and intangible cultural heritage projects.
The self-service and self-discipline of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage also require government supervision.
In essence, industry associations are self-interested groups.
Therefore, while recognizing that their self-interested behavior is legitimate, they also need certain external forces from the government to appropriately regulate them.
From this perspective, the government should provide certain policy guidance, support and guarantees to industry associations so that any behavior must follow relevant national policies and regulations, respect the basic economic laws of the market economy, and also correct the possible occurrence of excessive self-interest behavior in industry associations.
Because, in the operation of industry associations in this field, there is also the possibility of seeking self-interests to the greatest extent and indirectly infringing on social interests.
When it appears as a public manager to a certain extent, we must be wary of the possibility that certain forces use industry associations as a tool to conduct improper interference and power rent-seeking, as well as the possibility that the industry associations themselves build industry monopolies and wantonly infringe on the interests of members.
4.
Industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage must effectively become a two-way communication link between association members and the government.
"All members form a community of interests in actual activities.
All actions of the association are based on how to protect interests and add value to interests.
Of course, this also means minimizing risks." (5) As a community of interests, industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage must take into account the interests of other groups while safeguarding their own interests and pay attention to sharing benefits.
They must not use their own advantages to take predatory behaviors against other groups.
Infringement on the interests of other groups.
Therefore, this requires the association to effectively communicate and coordinate among association members, between association members and members of other social organizations, between association and other social organizations, and between association and the government.
It must not only do a good job in safeguarding and pursuing the interests of associations in the industry, but also fully take care of the reasonable interests of all parties.
While promoting the comprehensive development of internal public welfare undertakings of the association, it must also actively participate in social welfare undertakings and strive to resolve crises in major economic and social events.
Make positive contributions to maintaining social stability.
Industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage are the central coordinating bodies that connect the government and association members, and are the hubs for information and needs communication and coordination between both parties.
For the government, industry associations must do a good job in issuing policies and regulations.
For association members, industry associations must do a good job in "communicating the situation from below".
Only when the channels of "sending down the situation from above" and "sending down the situation from below" are interconnected can the overall advantages and aggregation functions of industry associations as industry spokespersons be effectively exerted.
my country's systematic intangible cultural heritage protection work has just been in operation for ten years.
Compared with other cultural fields, the lack of awareness of intangible cultural heritage is common throughout society.
Therefore, industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage must pay special attention to "expressing the feelings from the bottom to the top", because this is an important way for them to play their role in participating in and discussing politics.
In particular, when the government formulates policies involving the protection of intangible cultural heritage, industry associations must actively provide suggestions and suggestions on the basis of fully soliciting public opinions to provide reference for the government's scientific decision-making, thereby broadening the channels for the government's scientific decision-making.
When industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage play their role as bridges and links of communication, they can refer to the following more mature channels or models of litigation: (1) Submit proposals to the National People's Congress and CPPCC at all levels.
By submitting relevant proposals and proposals by representatives of members with industry backgrounds in the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, it not only exercises the rights of representatives or members, but also provides first-hand information for decision-making of governments at all levels.
(2) Make policy recommendations to party committees and governments at all levels.
3.
Together with academia, accept commissions from relevant government departments to participate in the research and drafting of policies related to the protection of intangible cultural heritage.
4.
Actively carry out investigations and studies within industry associations, reasonably reflect the demands of industry association members, and put forward opinions and suggestions on industry development and legislation.
With the help of the government and other social forces, we will formulate and improve industry standards, development plans, access conditions, etc., and standardize our own construction.
(5) Express interest demands through cultural festivals, exhibitions, hearings, symposiums, tea parties, seminars, etc.
6.
Disclosure of policy recommendations to the society through appropriate methods and channels, indirectly influencing decision-making.
It usually appears in the form of research reports, papers, leather books, speeches, etc., or expresses demands in newspapers, television, radio, the Internet, etc.
4.
Evaluation of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage
What functions do industry associations perform in the protection of intangible cultural heritage, how effectively they perform their functions, and how to give reasonable assessment of the work of industry association members is an important issue facing the construction of industry associations.
The solution to this problem is to formulate a scientific and reasonable evaluation system for industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage.
The main purpose of the evaluation of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage is to further standardize the construction of industry associations and fully perform their functions, thereby promoting the protection of intangible cultural heritage.
The evaluation of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage is mainly based on the "Several Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Accelerating the Reform and Development of Industry Associations and Chambers of Commerce" Guo Ban Fa [2007] No.
36) and the charter of the industry association.
The former is more An evaluation in the theoretical sense, and the latter is mainly an assessment of work performance.
The assessment of work performance mainly comes from the self-evaluation of industry associations, the internal evaluation of association members, and the external evaluation of other forces.
The evaluation of the industry association itself should focus on the evaluation of the performance of basic functions, the internal evaluation of association members should focus on their own personal experience of the industry association's services, and the external evaluation of other forces should focus on communication with external forces.
and evaluation of social welfare.
The main contents and weights of the evaluation of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage.
The evaluation of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage should not be carried out in general terms.
Specific evaluation indicators should be strictly formulated for intangible cultural heritage projects with different patterns.
The main indicators should include: organizational structure, rules and regulations, information collection and exchange, employee training, project development planning, industry rights protection, industry self-discipline, brand building, social welfare, participation in politics, etc.
The evaluation weight of each indicator should be balanced based on the value of the association's existence.
Taking into account its dual characteristics of self-interest and public welfare interests, it can be initially determined as follows: self-evaluation of industry associations accounts for 30%, and internal evaluation of association members accounts for 45%, and external evaluation of other forces accounts for 25%.
Of course, in the assessment and evaluation, the actual situation of the industry association of specific intangible cultural heritage projects should be fully considered, fine-tuned according to the times and circumstances, and a detailed operational evaluation system should be formulated to strengthen its reality and operability.
Therefore, the evaluation results can truly reflect the work performance of the association.
5.
Conclusion
The construction of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage is a systematic project, which cannot be completed solely by the industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage.
Their own self-discipline is important, but it also requires the cultivation, support, management and supervision of the government, theoretical exploration and practical guidance from academia, and help from other social organizations.
Although the standardized, scientific and systematic construction of industry associations in the field of intangible cultural heritage is facing many difficulties, they represent the future development direction of similar social organizations and are an ideal social organization model.
The author Zhang Zhaolin is an associate professor at Liaocheng University, Shandong)
References:
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4), February 2, 2012.
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5, 2010, p.
87.
[4]"Several Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Accelerating the Reform and Development of Trade Associations and Chambers of Commerce" Guo Ban Fa [2007] No.
36), May 13, 2007
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