[Cheng Yao] Process protection of living heritage

Abstract: Intangible cultural heritage is a continuation of tradition in contemporary times and has its vitality due to the joint practice of communities, groups and individuals.

This vitality determines that intangible cultural heritage protection must have procedural characteristics.

Based on this, the Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted in 2003 has achieved a paradigm shift in cultural heritage protection, among which the definition of "safeguarding" is a working framework containing nine links.

In order to understand the intangible cultural heritage protection work under this framework, the article selects the application forms for intangible cultural heritage items in the category of food preparation in the representative works list, and analyzes the protection measures listed therein to explain the importance of procedural protection based on the principle of "community participation" for the survival of living heritage.

Keywords: living heritage; process protection; food intangible cultural heritage projects; intangible cultural heritage; community participation

Nowadays, intangible cultural heritage logos closely connected to traditional folk customs are full of our daily lives.

Accompanying this "intangible cultural heritage craze" comes also the "cultural heritage application craze".

Once international news related to the World Heritage application is linked to cultural events in China, it is likely to trigger the emotions of the Chinese people.

From the true news of South Korea's successful application for the Dragon Boat Festival to the rumors of India's six applications for "chess", such applications by other countries are mistakenly regarded by the public as competing with China for cultural ownership.

In fact, we can regard the application of cultural heritage as part of the intangible cultural heritage protection process, but it cannot be used as the only purpose and means of protection.

Treating intangible cultural heritage projects as exclusive to one country also violates the relevant elaboration of intangible cultural heritage in the Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention").

The term "heritage application" in the news media generally means that a State party to the Convention applies to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (hereinafter referred to as "UNESCO") to include its country's intangible cultural heritage projects in the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (hereinafter referred to as "Representative List").

The List and the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Urgent Need of Protection (hereinafter referred to as the "List of Urgent Need of Protection"), the plans, projects and activities for the protection of intangible cultural heritage that best reflect the principles and goals of the Convention (hereinafter referred to as the "List of Good Practices") and international assistance constitute the international cooperation mechanism established by UNESCO for the protection of intangible cultural heritage.

In its "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity: Memorandum"(hereinafter referred to as the "Memorandum"), UNESCO pointed out the phenomenon of countries ignoring lists in urgent need of protection and placing too much emphasis on representative lists when applying.

According to the Convention, the purposes and inclusion criteria for these two types of lists are different: the urgent protection list is established to "take appropriate protection measures." When reviewing, the committee pays more attention to the viability of the project and the feasibility and adequacy of the protection plan, and also evaluates the risk of the project's disappearance; the representative list is established to "expand the impact of intangible cultural heritage and improve its importance.

Awareness of its significance and promote dialogue from the perspective of respecting cultural diversity." It can be seen that applying for a cultural heritage does not mean a competition between countries.

Protecting intangible cultural heritage, as a "universal will" and a "matter of common concern" of mankind, requires joint efforts around the world.

From the adoption of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972 to the adoption of the Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003, people's understanding of "cultural heritage" has undergone tremendous changes.

Compared with material cultural heritage, intangible cultural heritage is "traditional, contemporary, and alive during the same period." Therefore,"protecting intangible cultural heritage is related to the transmission of knowledge, skills and meaning.

In other words, the focus of protection is on the processes involved in the inheritance or dissemination of intangible cultural heritage from generation to generation, rather than the production of specific manifestations, such as a dance performance, a song, a musical instrument, or a handicraft." In addition, the "process" involved in intangible cultural heritage takes the community as the main body of practice, so "community participation" is the core principle of process protection work.

Only by recognizing the vitality of intangible cultural heritage can we carry out the protection of the "process", which is also a necessary legacy process for list projects in the context of the Convention.

This paper selects the diet preparation items in the list of representative works, and examines the specific practical methods of process protection based on analyzing the text of their application forms, in order to provide reference experience for China's intangible cultural heritage protection work.

1.

Project application and formulation of intangible cultural heritage protection measures

The nomination file is the written application materials that a State Party needs to submit when applying for inclusion in the Representative List, Urgent Protection List and Excellent Practices List, and is presented in a form.

Countries provide relevant information at the time of filing for review by review bodies and committees in accordance with the requirements of the form.

The ICH-02 form used to declare the list of representative writers consists of the following seven parts:

1)Introduction (including the State Party submitting the declaration; the name of the project; the name of the relevant community, group or individual; the geographical location and distribution of the heritage project; the communication person)

2)Identification and definition of heritage projects

3)Contribution to ensuring visibility, raising awareness and encouraging dialogue

4)Protection measures (in accordance with inclusion criterion R.3, a State party should demonstrate that "the protection measures in place protect and promote the heritage project")

5)Community participation and consent in the application process

6)This heritage project has been included in the list

7)File data

Correspondingly, for the reporting country, it needs to have the following capabilities to complete a declaration:

·Fully describe an intangible cultural heritage project

·Identify relevant communities and groups

·Understand the value of the project to the community concerned

·Encourage and facilitate community participation (where necessary)

·Analyze the vitality of the declared heritage projects

·Propose appropriate and feasible protective measures

In May 2014, UNESCO issued the "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity: Memorandum", which pointed out various problems in the application process in the "Protection Measures" section.

For example, the difference between the representative works list and the urgently needed protection list mentioned above is that the urgently needed protection list focuses on the timely protection of threatened and unsustainable intangible cultural heritage, while the representative works list includes as much vitality as possible.

A fully viable project.

In view of this difference, the Memorandum recommends that projects applying for the representative list continue to maintain or even strengthen their current survival status.

The committee also distinguished between "safeguarding plans" and "safeguarding measures", the former applicable to the urgently needed protection list, and the latter applicable to the representative list.

When formulating protection measures for representative intangible cultural heritage projects, applying for inclusion in the list should not be the first step in the protection process, but should be part of a long-term protection process.

"Protection measures" are divided into the following three parts in the declaration: (1) past and current efforts to protect the heritage project;(2) proposed protection measures; and (3) the authority responsible for the protection.

In the first part, the community and the State party are regarded as two different levels of actors, playing different roles in the process of intangible cultural heritage protection.

The submitting country needs to demonstrate that the protective measures it has implemented have a solid foundation, such as demonstrating the firm determination and active participation of relevant actors.

For the second part of "Proposed Protection Measures", the most critical thing is to comprehensively consider the changes brought to heritage projects by listing, including the negative impact of increased visibility on heritage projects.

States parties also need to have responses to these potential crises to ensure that listings have a positive impact on heritage projects.

These possible crises and risks include:

·Changes in the traditional inheritance system (changes in lifestyles; young people lose interest in learning and practicing intangible cultural heritage; declining demand for intangible cultural heritage practice)

·Negative attitudes (narrowness and misunderstanding) by authorities, the public and other communities towards intangible cultural heritage in a community

·Threats to the vitality of intangible cultural heritage (stage performances,"solidification", excessive commercialization)

·Due to forest logging, immigration, social change, repression and other emergencies, specific materials for practicing intangible cultural heritage are insufficient, and practice sites have disappeared.

Also refer to Article 10 of the "Ethical Principles","De-contextualization, commercialization and distortion of intangible cultural heritage."

In addition, the formulation of protection measures must also fully consider the characteristics and needs of intangible cultural heritage projects, rather than applying the Convention and mechanically expanding the protection measure template given in the application form.

Considering the procedural nature of intangible cultural heritage protection, protection actions should take into account all components of the intangible cultural heritage project, rather than ignoring other elements just by highlighting a certain key part.

The Memorandum particularly emphasizes that the importance of the community is reflected in all aspects from the formulation of protection measures to the implementation.

Communities must not only decide whether protective measures are feasible, but also maximize their participation in implementation.

In order to ensure the dominant position of the community, the will to protect intangible cultural heritage projects should come from within the community rather than being imposed on the community by external government organizations or agencies.

Based on this, the review body recommended adopting an "inclusive" perspective when considering protection needs and consolidating its dominant position in the protection process by strengthening the community's own capacity building.

In order to allow the younger generation to participate more actively in protection, protection measures should also strengthen educational activities aimed at raising awareness.

Applications for all listed items are publicly displayed on the website of UNESCO's Living Heritage Office.

If we only use these declarations as templates for heritage application, it is undoubtedly a misunderstanding of the relationship between heritage application and intangible cultural heritage protection.

The intangible cultural heritage protection measures presented in the project applications in different representative works lists are not only a variety of ways to maintain the survival of intangible cultural heritage, but also a refinement and practice of the Convention's protection measures in specific projects.

From intangible cultural heritage protection work to wider research on the inheritance of cultural traditions, rich and vivid contemporary experience can be gained from it.

2.

Understanding the vitality of intangible cultural heritage: Diet preparation items in the list of representative works

Since the publication of the first batch of "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity", the elitist color of the term "Masterpiece" has aroused widespread doubts and criticism.

In the end, the new operational definition of "intangible cultural heritage" replaced "oral and intangible heritage of mankind" and became the legal term of the Convention.

The "Representative Works of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" were included in the Representative List with the entry into force of the Convention.

The change from "masterpiece" in the meaning of "masterpiece" to "representative" means that the evaluation criteria for intangible cultural heritage projects have changed from the inside to the outside-from scientific and artistic values derived from external objective comparisons., to the representative significance based on the will within the cultural subject.

The "Memorandum" points out that the review agency's review of the application project materials does not involve value judgments on the project itself.

The committee and review body made the decision not to include the project simply because the application document did not provide sufficient information as required by the operating guidelines.

"The (review body's) recommendation is based solely on the content of the declaration submitted and does not imply a value judgment on the project or in any way question whether it is an intangible cultural heritage that urgently needs protection." Under this value orientation, the list of representative works under the framework of the Convention has opened up a soil for equal dialogue among different cultural subjects.

The openness between directories and projects determines their mutual construction relationship.

The inclusion criteria in the list frame the self-expression of intangible cultural heritage projects when applying.

The list itself also constitutes a worldwide database of intangible cultural heritage, and its connotation is constantly redefined as projects accumulate.

Therefore, in 2016, the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Office began to rethink the way it manages directory data, seeking to find cultural connections between projects beyond country and year criteria.

Based on the UNESCO Thesaurus, each listed intangible cultural heritage project is associated with 10-15 conceptual keywords, thereby establishing 15,000 associations between projects.

2018,"Dive into intangible cultural heritage!" (Dive into ICH) project released.

As a dynamic interactive space to showcase active intangible cultural heritage practices and expressions,"it explores projects across fields, themes, geographical scopes and ecosystems, and visualizes the deep connections between them." When viewers select a keyword in the concept network, they can see the concepts and projects related to it.

As the number of projects increases, the conceptual network becomes denser and richer.

On the page of each project, you can see annotations of related domain, theme, geography and ecosystem keywords.

The keyword "Food Preparation" selected in this article is the name of the field category to which each item in the representative list belongs.

To better highlight the differences in the closeness of a given project to the different concepts it is associated with, each project has 1-4 primary concepts, and the rest are secondary concepts.

Similar projects are associated with the same primary concepts, while secondary concepts show nuances between projects.

There are currently 18 projects with "Food Preparation" as the main concept.

Their names, year of inclusion and country of application are as follows: 网站图片位

Table 1 Information on projects related to "Food Preparation" in the list of representative works

Comparing the names of these projects, we can find many seemingly "repetitive" projects, such as "Traditional Culture of Turkish Coffee" and "Arabic Coffee, a Symbol of Generosity","The Tradition of Kimchi Making" and "Salting and Sharing of Kimchi".

From the perspective of cultural diversity, we can understand that these projects have "the same name but different in reality"-"Culture has diverse forms in different times and spaces, and this diversity is reflected in the cultural characteristics and cultural expressions of various human nations and societies.

The uniqueness and diversity of forms." Intangible cultural heritage under the framework of the Convention "is characterized by community self-authorization and retains the right of cultural creators, inheritors and practitioners to define their cultural heritage." The reason why different communities have seemingly identical intangible cultural heritage projects is that the identification and evaluation of intangible cultural heritage is based on the community, and only the community can decide what is "representative" for it."Intangible cultural heritage is not evaluated as a certain cultural product based on its uniqueness or extraordinary value." These diverse cultural expressions are jointly included in the list, echoing the Convention's purpose of respecting cultural diversity.

The difficulty in intangible cultural heritage protection lies in how to grasp the abstract "immaterial".

To this end, we need to incorporate the dimensions of matter and time into our understanding of intangible cultural heritage.

All intangible cultural heritage projects have their own material aspects.

Without this dimension, intangible cultural heritage projects cannot be shared and will be even more difficult to survive.

The difference between intangible cultural heritage and material cultural heritage is that it can constantly self-regulate according to changes in social situations and transcend material forms and human individuals.

From a temporal perspective, intangible cultural heritage is always in the process of living evolution thanks to the "creation, continuation and inheritance" of communities from generation to generation.

This flow and change prevent it from being fixed on a material carrier.Thus,"we may be able to understand the work itself (score, song, dance, literary work, ritual, etc.) well, but we may never understand the process of its creation, especially collective creation, as is often encountered in traditional communities." In the case of "food preparation," to turn raw materials from nature into food for consumption requires a series of activities such as planting, picking, screening, and making, which also produces "various social practices, conceptual expressions, forms of expression, knowledge, skills, and related tools, objects, handicrafts, and cultural sites." In the action of intangible cultural heritage protection, if material activities and spiritual culture are separated from each other at the beginning, a cultural tradition will be simplified into the product of concrete manifestation, and naturally it will be impossible to realize the root of maintaining the survival of intangible cultural heritage.

Take, for example, the joint declaration by the United Arab Emirates and other four countries of the project "Arabic coffee, a symbol of generosity".

For Arabs, coffee is not only an everyday drink, but also a way to express hospitality, generosity and social etiquette.

When visitors from home, the owner has to prepare coffee in front of the guests and serve the first cup of coffee to the most distinguished or oldest guest.

The project application form states that promoting the hospitality customs associated with coffee will help protect and promote the project throughout society, especially raising the younger generation's awareness of the Arabian coffee tradition.

In this way, the aroma and generosity of coffee can together constitute the cultural heritage of Arabic coffee.

Whether it is the transmission of knowledge, skills and meaning from generation to generation, or the diverse practices of community entities distributed in different regions in adapting to the surrounding environment and interacting with nature and history, the vitality of intangible cultural heritage ensures that it can "be constantly recreated, providing these groups with a sense of identity and continuity." Treating intangible cultural heritage equally with material cultural heritage, and adopting archiving and display methods to protect material products related to intangible cultural heritage in museums is undoubtedly treating intangible cultural heritage as a cultural relic that urgently needs rescue, and tacitly admitting that it has lost its vitality., unable to play a role in today's society.

This practice of solidification and fragmentation comes from the pursuit of "authenticity" of intangible cultural heritage, that is, the blind emphasis on restoring its original appearance or maintaining its status quo.

However, this authenticity is also a "traditional invention" and a constructive activity carried out by contemporary people based on their imagination of distant history.

This practice runs counter to the definition of intangible cultural heritage in the Convention, and the "Ethical Principles for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage" have clearly pointed out that the dynamics and vitality of intangible cultural heritage should always be respected, and the authenticity and exclusiveness should not constitute problems and obstacles to protecting intangible cultural heritage.

In general, the vitality of intangible cultural heritage determines that its protection must be procedural.

On the basis of maximum community participation, the inheritance and practice of relevant knowledge and skills among the younger generation are particularly important.

The application form of South Korea's "Pickling and Sharing of Kimchi" project shows cases of how to carry out procedural protection in school education.

Kimchi spans class and regional differences and is an important part of Korean cuisine.

The application stated that the project has strong viability and visibility in South Korea.

For example, a 2011 survey showed that 95.7% of South Koreans regularly eat kimchi made by family members or relatives.

The kimchi curing method is rooted in the natural environment where Koreans live, and producers will implement different processes based on seasons and different materials.

Like many other projects, the inheritance method of this project is mainly family inheritance, especially the secret inheritance between mother and daughter.

The South Korean government has also taken measures to strengthen the process protection of living heritage, including adding kimchi curing courses to formal school education.

These courses not only teach students the knowledge of pickle pickling.

In some pilot schools, teachers and students also grow cabbage together and let students make the crops they planted by themselves into kimchi and enjoy them in the school canteen.

According to reports from teachers, when students have first-hand experience in growing vegetables and making kimchi, they will have a deeper affection for this tradition.

3.

Specific practices of protective measures: dynamic process

The formulation of protective measures is not only the responsibility of States parties to the Convention, but also a necessary condition for applying for inclusion in the Representative List.

To formulate intangible cultural heritage protection measures within the framework of the Convention, we must first understand the definition of "protection" in the Convention: "Clarify the various measures to protect the vitality of intangible cultural heritage, including the recognition, documentation, research, preservation, protection, publicity, promotion, inheritance (especially through formal and informal education) and revitalization." The above nine protection links constitute a dynamic process of intangible cultural heritage protection and can be classified into the following five categories in the application form:

1.

Inheritance, mainly through formal and informal education

People who have lived in a certain place for generations have figured out ways to deal with the surrounding natural environment.

They adapt to local conditions, observe the times, and create countless eating styles.

Just as every household's stovetop and dining table continue the local dietary tradition in the most daily way, various items related to diet preparation have also been practiced and passed down through "eating", the most basic human survival activity.

Knowledge and skills related to food preparation are passed down among different groups of people in various ways based on their difficulty.

For example, kimchi, a food that is accompanied by the daily diet of Korean people, has its preparation technology mastered by most family members, especially women, and is passed down from generation to generation within the family.

The making technology of Neapolitan pizza is mainly mastered within the Pizzaiuolo community.

In a bottega, a factory specializing in making pizza, young apprentices observe and learn every step of making pizza behind a skilled pizza master and undergo a rigorous assessment before graduating.

In addition to this traditional method of teaching by deeds, many countries have opened modern vocational and technical schools to expand the scope of inheritance of intangible cultural heritage projects.

Different dietary traditions will also give rise to rich and diverse dietary cultures.

How to convey the culture behind the food is a difficult problem beyond the inheritance of preparation technology.

In this regard, Japan's experience is particularly worth learning from.

The country's top-down "shoku-iku" system has gone through a long process of development and has become its national policy and is protected by law.

It has far-reaching implications for intangible cultural heritage, improving national health, and social unity and harmony.

significance.

Specifically, food education means providing citizens with the basic elements necessary for a healthy and active life through food education, including related moral education, intellectual education and sports.

In 2005, Japan promulgated the Basic Law on Food and Education, which covers the promotion of traditional food culture: "The Cabinet Office and local governments should enhance and disseminate knowledge about food culture and take other necessary measures to ensure the inheritance of Japanese food culture, such as traditional food-related events, etiquette and distinctive local food culture." Based on this, the Cabinet Office of Japan issued the "Basic Plan for the Promotion of Food and Education", which includes multiple actors such as local associations, communities, volunteer groups and individuals within the framework of the plan.

So far, the Cabinet Office has released three phases of the plan.

The second phase of the plan from 2011 to 2015 mentioned in the application focuses on advancing and deepening on the basis of the first phase, focusing on solving problems caused by social and economic structural changes such as the decline of traditional food culture, excessive dependence on imports for food production, and unhealthy eating habits.

and problems brought about by economic globalization.

With the full support of legal, administrative and financial measures, various communities have implemented specific measures based on local conditions, allowing the traditional food culture of "Washi" to have a strong survival in modern Japan.

(2) Confirmation, filing and research

In the "Toolkit for the Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage" series of pamphlets released by UNESCO, the identification of specific intangible cultural heritage projects refers to "introducing these projects in the context of one or more specific intangible cultural heritage projects.

The process of identifying and defining intangible cultural heritage projects is called" inventing." The compilation of inventories is also an obligation of States parties clearly stipulated in Article 12 of the Convention.

The confirmation, filing and research of intangible cultural heritage projects is a step-by-step process and plays a key role in improving the visibility of intangible cultural heritage as a whole.

As the holder of intangible cultural heritage projects, the community should also be the main body that initiates and participates in the confirmation and filing work.

This is also a reflection of the "empowering communities" spirit of the Convention.

However, in reality, the community has regressed into a passive information provider and even lost its informed consent and participation rights in protecting intangible cultural heritage projects.

In order to turn the community's passivity into initiative, UNESCO pays special attention to promoting capacity building in various countries based on the preparation of lists, so that inheritors and practitioners of intangible cultural heritage projects have the ability to participate in the confirmation and filing work.

The participation of multiple actors further ensures the richness and effectiveness of information on intangible cultural heritage projects.

The protection measures of Italy's "Naples Pizza Making Skills" project show that the development of modern media and technical means has provided a convenient channel for different groups to "maximize their participation" in intangible cultural heritage protection, especially "allowing young people to participate in the intangible cultural heritage of their communities." Collection and dissemination of information on cultural heritage." The Italian government has implemented the "Design Your Pizza" program in primary schools, giving students the opportunity to show their understanding of pizza in pictures.

At the same time, participants 'work will be collected and displayed on the website of the Naples Pizza Society.

Other measures include relevant organizations using Social networks strategies to collect and document information on the art of pizza.

On a mobile app developed by the Naples Pizza Association, young people are free to share pizza-related performing arts.

In addition, multi-dimensional filing from visual to auditory in the form of books, films, sounds, etc.

is also conducive to protecting the diversity of manifestations of intangible cultural heritage projects.

In addition to communities, experts, professional centers, research institutions, state agencies, non-governmental organizations and similar entities should also play a role in establishing documents and research.

The addition of external perspectives can, in a sense, play a role of "being clear to bystanders", thereby greatly improving the viability of intangible cultural heritage projects.

As the Memorandum points out, there is the possibility of gender bias in the activities of community-based researchers or in the communities that are the subject of research.

In addition, the implementation of the Convention may also lead to changes in the form and function of intangible cultural heritage projects.

On the premise of ensuring the dominant position of the community, the joint efforts of multiple actors will not only help the protection of individual intangible cultural heritage projects, but also improve the community's ability to protect intangible cultural heritage as a whole.

(3) Preservation and protection

The preservation and protection of intangible cultural heritage projects is inseparable from the institutional construction and legislative guarantees of the contracting state.

The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as the Operational Guidelines) state that "States Parties shall endeavour to ensure due protection of the rights of the communities, groups and individuals involved in the creation, possession and transmission of this heritage, in particular through the application of intellectual property rights, privacy rights and other appropriate forms of legal protection, when promoting awareness and engaging in commercial activities relating to their heritage".

For food preparation projects, the key to legislative action by countries falls on the protection of food raw materials.

Take, for example, the legislative protections of the Malawi project.

The country plans to develop regulations to make corn, the main raw material for Nsima, a strategic crop, while optimizing the management of other ingredients needed to make Nsima.

In addition, Malawi has also revised the Handicraft Law, the Museum Law and the Sites and Cultural Relics Law to include provisions on intangible cultural heritage protection.

Also in order to protect the country's intangible cultural heritage project "kimchi making tradition", North Korea has proposed to regularly supplement the Korean Cultural Heritage Protection Law (2012) and take legal measures to protect land, rivers, forests and oceans to ensure the supply of kimchi raw materials.

Continuous supply.

The laws and regulations on intangible cultural heritage protection promulgated within the territory of the State Party provide legal and institutional guarantees for all intangible cultural heritage projects at the macro level.

Specific to the preservation and protection of a certain project, the government and relevant departments also need to prescribe the right medicine on the premise of understanding the needs of the community.

Take Georgia's "Ancient Georgians 'Traditional Kviuri Wine Making Methods" project as an example.

The country drafted wine-related laws in 1920, and the Georgian Viticulture and Winemaking Institute later formulated the Codex of Georgian Vine and Wine.

Before Georgia applied for inclusion in the list of representative works in 2013, traditional wine-making technology had received widespread attention from the whole society, but it still faced many severe challenges.

In view of the fact that wine preparation is inseparable from raw materials (grapes) and utensils (Kwiuri wine jars), policy and regulatory support has evolved from a general "wine law" to support relevant industry personnel to enhance the survival of the project.

For example, the government protects and supports producers of unique grape varieties, organic and homemade wines through financial subsidies or other privileges, legally protects the raw material origin of Qvevri wine jars, and restricts raw material mining to ensure that wine jar makers have an adequate supply of raw materials.

Other measures include financial subsidies or other privileges (such as cheap or interest-free loans, grants, etc.) to support the production activities of wine tank manufacturers and small farmer families.

(4) Publicity and promotion

The publicity and promotion measures aim to increase the visibility of intangible cultural heritage projects.

When traditional cultural expressions enter the field of public communication in the form of intangible cultural heritage discourse, it is necessary to repeatedly emphasize and guide the public to understand the vitality of intangible cultural heritage, thereby promoting the procedural protection of intangible cultural heritage.

Take the protection measures of the jointly declared project "Culture of Scone Making and Sharing: Lavash, Katierma, Jufka, Yufka" as an example.

In terms of publicity and promotion, the application form focuses on emphasizing that relevant communication activities should highlight the cultural function of scone making.

Because for each community, scones play an indispensable cultural role in different ceremonial occasions such as funerals, religious occasions, weddings, and welcoming the new season, the process of making and sharing scones contributes to social unity, mutual respect, peace, hospitality and communication between relevant communities.

Relevant communities in the five reporting countries mobilized project practitioners to participate in media publicity, focusing on promoting the culture of making and sharing related to scones through organizing traditional cooking festivals and other forms.

In addition, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, government authorities and trade unions also assist the community in publicity and promotion, including the production of publications related to the intangible cultural heritage project, the operation of professional workshops, the filming of films, the establishment of museums and culinary education institutions.

For projects jointly declared by many countries, some transnational cultural organizations and festival activities can also contribute to the promotion and promotion of intangible cultural heritage.

The TurkSOY and ECO Organizations have added scone culture to festivals, publications, manuals and audio-visual materials related to them to achieve the goal of sharing scone culture among countries.

In addition, the biennial International Scone Festival will also attract inheritors from various countries to promote cross-border exchanges.

Moreover, modern urban life can also become a soil for practicing intangible cultural heritage.

For example, as urbanization has brought changes in living patterns and economic structures, the tradition of scone making is practiced in different ways in rural areas and cities.

In the countryside, neighbors participate in making scones.

In cities, it is mainly pancake shops that make and sell this traditional food.

People gather to chat while waiting for the scones to be baked, making the scones a social place.

For the producers, the pancake shop is also a cultural place to continue the project through the inheritance of apprentices.

It is precisely in recognition of the importance of the pancake shop to this heritage project that the State party has also included elements to promote the role of the pancake shop in its protection measures.

(5) Revitalization

The foregoing mentioned that States parties should consider possible crises and risks when formulating protective measures.

For intangible cultural heritage projects in food preparation, these crises and risks are concentrated in the impact of globalization and tourism on local dietary traditions.

In the face of crisis,"revitalizing" intangible cultural heritage does not passively maintain its status quo, but actively revitalize the community's own lifestyle.

When economic globalization impacts local food, advances in science and technology may be an opportunity for traditional diets to withstand the crisis and revitalize them, as Malawi's "Malawi's Traditional Cuisine-Ensima" project demonstrates.

The introduction of mechanical mills makes the preparation of Ensima more convenient, faster and cheaper than traditional methods, while at the same time losing its essence of production.

Despite the influx of imported food into local communities, Ensima is still the cheapest food and has an irreplaceable place on local tables.

The application for cultural heritage is also a possible factor in the revitalization of intangible cultural heritage projects.

Especially for transnational and cross-regional food preparation cultures, joint application creates opportunities for various regions to exchange experience in intangible cultural heritage protection and helps promote a transnational joint protection system.

From proposal to submission of application forms, there were ultimately seven applicant countries for the "Mediterranean Food Culture" project.

Faced with the negative impact of economic globalization and tourism development on Mediterranean food culture, various countries have taken active measures to respond, establishing files and compiling lists to identify knowledge, technologies, festivals and other cultural expressions related to Mediterranean food culture., successfully reversed the trend of decline of Mediterranean food culture.

In addition, relevant countries focus on protecting landscapes, cultural spaces and local products related to the project through legislation when developing their rural communities.

Research institutions, universities and foundations are also actively involved in conservation work and play an important role in training relevant practitioners, protecting the diversity of raw materials, sustainably utilizing natural resources, and promoting the development of traditional technologies.

Conclusion: Intangible cultural heritage protection and sustainable development

Due to its living nature, intangible cultural heritage plays an important role in people's current daily life and future cultural destiny.

Intangible cultural heritage protection is the cornerstone of ensuring the diversity of human culture."The willingness to protect heritage should be to enable those who master traditional culture to continue to provide different behavioral styles and 'success' standards for those created by competitive lifestyles." For local communities, the protection of intangible cultural heritage should be consistent with the development of local society."If a certain heritage has been preserved in social life, it should play a very important social, political, economic and cultural role in that society...

On the other hand, traditional cultural expressions must adapt to modern life to ensure survival."

Intangible cultural heritage protection under the framework of the Convention emphasizes community participation and uses the community as the main body of action.

However, when implementing protective measures, due to the fact that there is instability and heterogeneity within the community, how to coordinate stakeholders with different or even incompatible demands has become a thorny issue.

The Convention sets a bottom line on relevant issues,"only considering the need for mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals and compliance with the intangible cultural heritage of sustainable development are considered." In terms of diet preparation projects, the concept of sustainable development is particularly prominent in community practice and protection measures.

The "Knowledge and Practice on Argan Tree" project in Morocco is a typical case.

Argan tree is an endemic tree species in southwestern Morocco.

Local people have the knowledge and technology passed down from generation to generation, and can use the fruits of the Argan tree to make world-famous argan oil.

Since the protection of the Argan tree is crucial to this heritage project, local people abide by a custom called "agdal" to prevent overgrazing, deforestation and unreasonable picking.

The Morocco government has also formulated a series of policies and regulations to promote the protection of the Argan tree.

The drought-tolerant and high-temperature Argan tree is not only a cash crop for the local area, but also a natural barrier against desertification.

It can be said that the protection of intangible cultural heritage projects related to Agan trees has made important contributions to the sustainable development of the local environment.

However, it is difficult to achieve mechanized operation in the production of glycerin, and the seven processes from picking to making require manual operation.

In the local area, the main group who inherits and practices the knowledge and skills related to the Argan tree are women, so there is the saying of "Argan women".

In order to ensure the continuation of relevant traditions in modern society, women in local communities spontaneously organize cooperatives, associations and economic interest groups, and actively participate in the planning and implementation of intangible cultural heritage protection measures.

The application pointed out that Forrest Gump women are the real actors in implementing protective measures.

Without their participation, there would be no Forrest Gump Tree Festival, and without the data and information provided by them, a museum could not be built.

From a gender perspective, this intangible cultural heritage project in Morocco not only demonstrates the basic role women play in protecting cultural practices, but also contributes to the realization and development of inclusive economic and social equity.

Since the Convention entered into force in 2003, discussions on environmental protection, economic development and intangible cultural heritage have been ongoing.

In 2016, the sixth session of the Conference of States Parties decided to add chapter 6 of the "Operational Guidelines","Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development at the National Level", and relevant discussions have achieved phased results.

Noriko Aikawa demonstrated the process of changing understanding of the topic by reviewing the debates at previous committee meetings and meetings of the Assembly of States Parties.

Among the new content, the four aspects of "inclusive social development","inclusive economic development","environmental sustainable development" and "peace and security" link intangible cultural heritage with sustainable development, and provide specific measures for countries to formulate intangible cultural heritage protection measures provide a new perspective.

Endless inheritance and practice are the source of vitality of intangible cultural heritage.

The application form for food preparation intangible cultural heritage projects gives us various inspirations in terms of protection measures.

How to connect the procedural protection of intangible cultural heritage with people's survival and development needs still requires us to continuously explore in practice.

(This article was published in "National Art", No.

6, 2020.

The annotations are omitted.

See the original issue for details)