Jing people's living customs
The Jing people (China standard Roman alphabet: Gin, Vietnam: ngi Kinh/Jing people, or Jing people), also known as the Yue people (Vietnam: ngi Vi Nit/Vietnam), are the main ethnic group of Vietnam, accounting for 86% of the total population of Vietnam and are Vietnam people in the narrow sense. In China, the Jing nationality is regarded as a minority. The State Council of the People's Republic of China named this ethnic group in China the Jing nationality in 1958, but in Vietnam the name "Yue" instead of "Jing nationality" is officially used to distinguish it from other ethnic groups in Vietnam.
The Jing nationality uses Jing dialect, which is basically the same as Vietnam. The Jing nationality characters are Mandarin characters (Ch Qu c Ng/Mandarinis the current Vietnam language) and Nom characters (Ch Nôm/Nanis the Vietnam language that has been passed down since ancient times). The Jing nationality uses Cantonese dialect and Chinese. From a linguistic perspective, the native tongue of the Jing people is generally considered to belong to the South Asian language family, so the Jing people are generally regarded as a South Asian language family. Another theory holds that the Jing people are the Luoyue, the main body of the Zhuang-Dong language ethnic group of descendants of Baiyue, and re-integrated by joining the Zhan people of the Nandosian language group, the Khmer people of the South Asian language group, and the Han people of the Han-Tibetan language group. Due to the long-term influence of China culture, Jing culture is closer to East Asia than Southeast Asia.
The Jing people are mainly distributed in Dongxing, a subsidiary of Fangchenggang in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. They mainly live in the "Three Jing Islands" in Jiangping Town-Wutou Island, Shanxin Island, Wanwei Island, Hengwang, Tanji, Hongkan, Zhushan and other areas. A small number of Jing people are scattered on the land of Beibu Gulf, and are also distributed in Maoming City and Zhanjiang City of Guangdong Province.
Jing men generally wear knee-length long clothes with flat chest and waist waist, narrow sleeves, and waist belts. Women wear diamond-shaped chest covering cloth inside and wear a collarless, double-folded jacket outside. The body is tight, the sleeves are very narrow, and they wear wide-leg trousers, mostly black or brown. When going out, wear a light cheongsam long coat. Women like to dye black teeth and tie "chopping block buns". The upper body is waist around, highlighting the figure, making the woman look graceful. The hem is stretched and slits are opened to the waist, making it easy to move. The most distinctive decoration of the Jing people is their bamboo hat.
In today's Jing ethnic areas, some elderly women still wear national costumes. They wear narrow sleeves and tight collarless short jackets and diamond-shaped chest cloth. They wear black or brown long-width trousers. They wear a long white coat when going out. It looks like a cheongsam with a higher slit, forming a "chopping block bun". A few women still retain the habit of dyeing their teeth black. However, the costumes of most young men and women are close to those of nearby Han people.
In the past, most of the home ownership houses of the Jing people had a legacy of "dry railing" style architecture. They used wood as pillars, bamboo and mud as walls, and thatch as covers. They belonged to a category of thatched huts and were easy to move. But most of them are built with square stone and brick houses. Each stone strip is 75 centimeters long, 25 centimeters wide and 20 centimeters thick. The wall is built with stone strips, the house is about 7 meters high, and the roof is covered with tiles, which is stable and cool and can withstand typhoons. The interior is divided into three left and right side rooms and main rooms by strips of stone or bamboo and wooden boards. The kitchen and livestock pen are built separately next to the living room. There have also been many reinforced concrete buildings with balconies and decorative railings, and flowers and bonsai. Under the eaves are strings of dried and fresh seafood, either for guests or transported to markets in various places.
"Hailan" is the common name for mangrove forests among the Jing people. Large tracts of mangrove shrubs are called "Hailan Mountain". The mangrove forest is evergreen all year round and is not afraid of seawater immersion. It tenaciously revetment in the tide at high tide, and blocks wind and sand on the beach after low tide. Its skin contains a large amount of "tannins", which are necessary raw materials in the tanning industry. Therefore, the Beijing family regards it as a "divine tree" and a "cash cow" in the sea. It is said that this kind of "sacred tree" was sent by the Mountain God King from the Hundred Thousand Mountains to explore the sea for sightseeing. As a result, they were happy and stayed here forever, becoming "friends" of the Jing family.
Jing people have regarded Hailan Mountain and the woods as "everyone's mountain" since ancient times. They are public property and are not allowed to cut down or enter the forest for grazing. As a result, there are now 2000 hectares of mangrove forests in the coastal areas of the Jing nationality. Baixing has the habit of cultivating flowers and trees around their homes. Holly, sisal, peony, cactus, papaya, pineapple, wood and jute trees are scattered and lush, making the landscape very charming.
Jing people are mainly engaged in marine fishery, but at the same time they are influenced by the national historical and cultural traditions. They are reflected in their dietary customs, which include rice as the staple food, sweet potatoes and taro as omnivorous foods, and they like to eat fish, shrimp, crab, fish juice and glutinous rice products. Women love to chew betel nut. The Jing people generally love to eat sugary food, and especially like to use glutinous rice and sugar porridge to entertain guests. No matter which house you visit, the host must always regard the guests as good friends and distinguished guests and be full of joy. After tea and meals, serve guests sweet and fragrant glutinous rice sugar porridge; or mung bean sugar water, sugar soup vermicelli, sweet potato sugar soup, etc.
Why do the Beijing family like confectionery so much and especially like to entertain guests with glutinous rice porridge or other desserts?
"Sugar" is sweet, and the Beijing family uses it as a metaphor for their yearning and sustenance for happiness. There is an ancient saying in the Jing people: "It is better to have thousands of gold in a family than to have a house full of friends." From this we can see how the Beijing family cherishes and advocates friendship in terms of traditional customs. The sweetness of glutinous rice and sugar porridge embodies the good wish of "friendship always exists and is like glue" and the pious national mentality.
The Beijing family believes that having guests from home often is an honor to have a happy life. Because of this, we must respect our guests with the "sweetness" that we most admire. There are many examples of this custom of "sweetness" embodying "happiness" and "beauty", which can be seen almost everywhere in social life.
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areas are accustomed to three meals during the solar eclipse. The Jing people living in Wanwei are generally accustomed to two meals during the solar eclipse. They choose breakfast at around 11 a.m. and do not have dinner until after nightfall. In the past, the Jing people often cooked porridge with corn, sweet potatoes, and taro mixed with a small amount of rice as their staple food. They only ate dry rice when the labor was heavy. Nowadays, rice has become the most common staple food of the Jing people. Daily dishes are mainly fish and shrimp. Fish and shrimp are often made into fish juice and used as a condiment for every meal. Households and chickens are also the main source of daily meat. In the past, the Jing people had taboos such as not allowing bowls to be placed on boats or stepping on stoves.
The most solemn and lively festival of the Jing nationality is the "Ha Festival". In the past, it was held every year, with different dates in different places. "Singing ha" means singing and entertainment in Beijing. On the day of the festival, all men, women and children in the village must dress up and gather in front of Hating (a public place for singing and entertainment) to welcome the gods and offer sacrifices, praying for a good harvest in the fishery industry and prosperity for both people and livestock. Every year on the Harbin Festival, villagers take turns making "Ha Tau"(the person who hosts singing and entertainment during the Harbin Festival), and "Ha Tau" produces a fat pig and holds a table of wine and meat to participate. When taking turns singing at the banquet, women can only listen to the singing and do not enter the banquet.
During the Spring Festival, every family makes "white potato dumplings"(a kind of cake made of glutinous rice flour wrapped in sugar cores). On the first day of the New Year, we do not eat meat or drink for breakfast, only sugar porridge, rice dumplings and white potato dumplings. On the Dragon Boat Festival, the whole family eats glutinous rice dumplings and realgar wine; on the Mid-Autumn Festival, in addition to making glutinous rice, glutinous rice sugar porridge and blowing rice with the wind, they also buy pork and mooncakes for the whole family reunion dinner.
In the past, the Jing people generally believed in Buddhism and Taoism, and a few believed in Catholicism. Activities to worship gods are held every year and festival. Put on sweet potatoes to sleep. The fifteenth day of the first month is a small year. At that time, pigs, chickens and fish should be prepared to worship ancestors. Boiled pork worship ancestors or Jing women married when a ritual practice.
Every year, all men over the age of 16 have to prepare chicken, wine, glutinous rice, betel nut and other sacrifices to Hating sacrifice, after the worship of men can be counted as "into the public"(that is, into adulthood), can be allowed to participate in the singing of the festival activities, from then on can participate in fishing production.
In the past, every time a new network went to the sea or the seafood harvest failed, the people of the Jing people would buy various sacrifices and go to the seaside to worship, praying for the safe return of those who went to the sea and a bumper harvest in the fishery.
The Jing people practice intra-ethnic marriage and monogamy. The vast majority of traditional marriages among the Jing ethnic group are intermarried within the ethnic group, and very few intermarried with the neighboring Han and Zhuang ethnic groups. In the traditional customs of the Jing people, generally no marriage is allowed with the same surname, and marriage between cousins is strictly prohibited. If there is any violation, it will be punished by clan rules. Moreover, most of the marriages of young men and women of the Jing ethnic group are arranged by their parents, which is the so-called "the orders of the parents, the words of the matchmaker." For the needs of the labor force, some families either hire son-in-law or buy child brides ("consummates" when they grow up).
Marriage used to be arranged by parents. Nowadays, most of them fall in love freely and use pairs to find partners. After singing, if the man is in love with the girl, he will slowly approach the woman and use his toes to lift the sand towards the girl. If the woman also has the intention, she will kick the sand back to the other party. Through this sand-kicking method or throwing leaves at each other, we establish feelings, and then ask "Lanmei"(matchmaker) to pass on the love song. Both parties also give each other a colorful wooden clog. If the left and right feet happen to be paired, they are considered to be born in pairs and can conclude a marriage contract (called "pairs of clogs"). Then the man brings gifts and invites some singers to go to the woman to identify her relatives. During the wedding, the woman closed the door tightly and set up three banyan gates with hanging lights and colorful lights on the road in front of the house and in the woods. If you want to pass the three gates, you must sing together until the female singer is satisfied before you can pass the gate. After the dinner party, we went to the man's house to worship and sang songs one after another. All night long, happy singing accompanied the new couple who were in harmony.
When young Jing people get engaged, the man must give a certain amount of pork, cakes, etc. as gifts to the woman, and poor families also need to give a small amount of sugar, glutinous rice, tea, cakes as an engagement. When getting married, the man should prepare 100 kilograms of pork, 200 kilograms of wine (each lifting is equal to 200 grams), seven buckets of rice and other gifts for the woman. Three days after the marriage, the bride "returned to the tide". The couple took two trays of glutinous rice (about 6 kilograms), two pieces of pork and two chickens that they had dyed red from home and returned to their parents to thank them, and the wedding was over.