Thirteen Hui surnames

The formation of Hui surnames is different from that of Han people. After the formation of the Hui nationality, Chinese was widely used, and the Hui surnames were finally sinicized, basically the same as the Han surnames. However, tracing the origin of Hui surnames is still related to the surnames of their ancestors. Generally speaking, the full name of an Arab is composed of his own name, father's name, grandfather's name, ethnic name, place name, tribal name, etc. This feature of the surname was still obvious when the Hui ancestors entered China. The Muslims who came to China during the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties laid the foundation for the formation of the Hui nation in China, and also prepared conditions for the birth, formation and development of Hui surnames.

The Hui surname has "ten Hui and nine horses, the rest are still Youna and Ha." In addition to the surname Ma in the northwest, there are also Shan, Bai, Kao, Zhe, Xi, Ya, Mi, Chao, Zhan, Fan, Di, Duo, Min, Mian, Ba, Chu, Man, Sa, Sa, Ga, A, Na, Ha, Hu, Sha, La, Bao, He, Tie, Xian, Ji, Shui, Kang, Ren, Ke, La, Bai, Hua, Ye, Tu, Hei, You, Bai, Xian, Ru, Dun, mustard, Hai, Xiao, Tie, Da, sedan chair, Mi, Cha, Chao, Luo, Ta, Shan, pai, Mi, Cha, Luo, Ta, Shan, pai, Zhong, Chan, Mu, Ming, Shou, Shou, Ye, Cha, She, Mi, Yuan, Tie, Mi, Lai, Tuo, Yu, Guan and other surnames. Among these surnames, many are not available in the Han surnames.

The main Hui surnames in Yunnan are Na, Sai, Lin and Ma, as well as Hu, He, Mu, Mu, Yu, San, Long, Gui, Rui, Su, Yan, Yun, Jin, Bao and other surnames.

The Hui people in Henan and the Central Plains include Wen, An, Jin, Li, Ai, Wan, Mi, Mu, Wen, Di, Hei, Zhu, Man, Mai, Zuo, Tong, Tong, Shan, Hu, Huo, Dan, Guan, Shan, Shui, Mei, Gai, Diao, Huang, Huangfu, Ju, Lai, Chu, Hu, Zhan and Dang.

The main surnames of the Hui people in coastal and Hainan Island areas are Jin, Ding, Guo, Gao, Xiong, Huang, Ge, Luo, Lin, Chen, Miao, Yu, Zhen and Duanmu.

In the Beijing-Tianjin area, Mu, Hui, Dan, Yang, She, Wei, Xue, Feng, Yi, Rong, Bai, Yun, Yan, Chang, Zhang, Gai, Qian, Ju, Lai, Gu and other surnames are the main surnames of the Hui people in Beijing and Tianjin.

The Hui people in Nanjing and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces include Ha, Zheng, Da, Fa, Hua, Wang, Wan, Sha, Tong, Wu, Ma, etc.

The Hui people in the Lianghu area have Ma, Hai, Cai, Su, Huo, Bao; Jiang, Ji, Yi, Da, Ta, Ding, Zi, Di, Wei, Xu, Wei, Wei, Wu, Wan, Ouyang and other surnames.

In Northeast China, there are major surnames such as Tie, Tuo, and Zuo, as well as Ma, Duan, Yang, Li, Cong, Hu, Liu, Zhao, Hui, Ying, Xin, Dai, Yin, San, and Han.

Today, Xiao Bian will explain in detail the thirteen main surnames of the Hui nationality: Na, Ma, Sa, Ha, Sha, Sai, Su, Hu, Shan, Bao, Mu, Su and Hao.

Na surname

The Na surname among the Hui people is taken from the initials of the name of Nasulading, the eldest son of Saidianchi Shansiding. According to the "Shaanxi Tongzhi", in the early Yuan Dynasty, the aristocrat Nasuladin "had many descendants, divided into four surnames, Na, Su, La (La), and Ding, and lived in various provinces." In Yanghe Township, Yongning County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, there are more than 700 Hui households with the surname Na and a village of more than 4,000 people-Najiahu. The Hui people with the surname Na are mainly distributed in Yunnan and Ningxia.

Sa surname

According to the genealogy of the Hui people with the surname Sa in He County, Anhui Province: "The ancestor of the Sa family lived in the Western Regions and was from the Huihe people. Later, he fought for the Tang Dynasty to suppress the rebellion. Because of his achievements, he was granted the title of King Bin and lived in Guanzhong." ("Sa's Genealogy") In the first year of Jianwen of the Ming Dynasty (1399), his descendants Sa Zhongqian's family moved from Shaanxi to live in Xiangshuigou, the west gate of He County. The temple was named "Mao Kuantang". Among the Hui ethnic groups, there are also more people whose names bear the prefix "Sa". In the Yuan Dynasty alone, there are historical officials including "Sadudin","Saliman","Sater Lost", and "Sadi Lost". Among them, there are 8 people with the same name as "Sadi Lost", which are all the main source of the Sa surname. The Sa Hui people are mainly distributed in Yunnan, Hebei, Henan and Northwest China.

Sha surname

Therefore,"Qianjia Surnames" states: "Nowadays, most Hui people have this surname, and they are not one of them." Most of the surname is taken from the first and last sounds of the scripture name. For example, Shaquan in the early Yuan Dynasty, his "father Sha lived in the desert all the time...(Shaquan) was originally named Chao 'erchi, and he was only five years old when he was captured by the Song army. When he was eighteen years old, Liu Zheng was left behind. The people of the Song Dynasty named his father Sha after his name, and he named him Quan." ("History of the Yuan Dynasty") Another example is,"The surname of the descendants of Mahemasha or Asilansha or Muba 'ersha is Sha." ("On the Muslim Nation") Among the Hui scriptures, there are many words with "sand". For example, in the History of the New Yuan Dynasty, Yeheidier said: "Yeheidier, a native of the Western Regions... Zima Mousha... Zimi 'ersha, Zimu Ba Ren Lasha... Zimu Lusha... Zimu Hunsha." These are the origin of the Sha surname.

In addition,"Sha means king in Persian. Just as the Turkic language family is king and Khan. For example, in the Persian Kingdom, it was originally called 'Shainsha', meaning' King of Kings'... Therefore, I think that most of the origin of the Sha'i family came from Persia." ("Hui Surnames Kao") There is also a Ci surname among the Sha surnames. For example,"Sheban, a Hui Hui from the Guli Kingdom, was appointed as the governor of the Royal Guards of Nanjing. In the fifth year of Xuande of Xuanzong (1430), he was sent to the Western Regions and moved to Qianhu due to his merit. He was given the surname Sha and the name Ban." ("Hui History and Islamic Culture") At that time, Sheban was given the surname Sha. There was another reason, that is,"She" and "Sha" were homophonic. The Sha surname is also one of the "Thirteen Hui Surnames". The Hui people surnamed Sha are mainly distributed in the northwest, Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions.​

The surname is taken from the initials of "Saidianchi"(the first name of the descendants of Mohammed). In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, Saidianchi Dansidin Umar (1211-1279), a descendant of the Bukhara royal family, was granted the title of King Xianyang and served as a political official in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces of the Fifth Road, Xishu, Shaanxi. During the Zhiyuan period, after Saidianchi died of illness, he left behind five sons and twenty-three grandchildren, who were named "Na, Ma, Sa, Ha, Sha, Sai, Su, Hu, and Shan." Bao, Mu, Su, Hao "(" Acknowledging ancestors and returning to their ancestors-Searching for the roots of a hundred surnames in China ") are surnames, and the surname Sai is one of the" thirteen surnames."

Shan surname

According to the "Muslim Nation Theory", the Shan surname among the Hui people was changed from "descendants of Tamsiding" to Shan and Shan. In the Ming Dynasty, most of the Hui people with the surname Shan were famous for their good at poetry, such as Shan Yinglei, Shan Jidi, Shan Zhongdong, Shan Zhongyan, etc. Shan's surname is also one of the given surnames. According to the "Saidianchi Genealogy","Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty established Jinling and gave it ten surnames: Rishan,..." Among the Shan surnames, there were also people who changed it to other surnames. For example,"Xuanhua had a prominent Muslim family named Yu, who claimed to be his original surname Shan and was given the surname Yu." The Hui people surnamed Shan are mainly distributed in northwest China, Hebei and Yunnan.

Su surname

Most of the Su surname comes from the first pronunciation of the scripture name. For example,"Suliman...'s descendants took the surname Su." "On the Muslim Nation""Sudani is taken from the first pronunciation of 'Su' as the surname." Moreover, according to "an elderly Hui from the Sujia family in Weizhou Town, Tongxin County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, an Arab businessman named Suramani in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties came to Weizhou along the Silk Road to do business and settled down for a long time. His descendants were all surnamed Su."

In addition, there are also people who give the surname Su because of the "Su"(similar to Su Yin) of "Su Lai Man". For example, when Qian Shi, an envoy of Hami in the Ming Dynasty and commander of the Royal Guards, came to Wu Lingban, the grandson of the fourth generation of the barbarians, he gave him the name Su Rong. Later on, they all took Su as their surname. Some Su surnames also change their surnames. During the Yuan Dynasty, there was a Muslim named Ahema from the Western Regions in Quanzhou, Fujian. After staying in, he named him Su Tangshe and took back the daughter of the Pu family as his wife. Later, he took Su as his surname. The Hui people surnamed Su are mainly distributed in the northwest.

Su surname

The surname Su is taken from the second pronunciation of the name of Nasuradan, the eldest son of Saidianchi Shansidin. In addition, in the twenty-third year of Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty (1390), he was awarded the title of Yisu in the Western Regions, Deputy Qianhu of the Zuowei of Yunnan Province."Zi was also named Yisu. When Sun Su came to the barbarians, he took his surname as Su. In the fourth generation, he was handsome... Sun Suhua, an official for generations for generations, and is still a prominent family among the Hui people." The Hui people surnamed Su are mainly distributed in Yunnan and Northwest China.​

surname

The Bao surname among the Hui people in Yunnan comes from the Saidianchi Yansiding family, which is "one of the thirteen Hui surnames". However, Zhaotong's "Bao's Genealogy" states: "Our tribe originated in Mongolia. At the beginning, we took Temur as our surname, and we were the right tribe of the Yuan Dynasty. From Kukutateimur, he was known as Bao Bao, and the ancestor who entered Yunnan took the name of Abao, so he changed his surname to Bao." ("Southern Yunnan Cong Hua") Regarding this statement, Mr. Bai Shouyi pointed out: "After the thirteenth generation recorded in the" Genealogy ", I quite believe it. Before the thirteenth generation, I was beyond doubt. It is not difficult to judge how true it is based on historical records." ("Southern Yunnan Cong Hua") Whether Zhaotong Bao's "origin in Mongolia" refers to "Mongolia" or "Mongolian nationality" remains to be further verified. The Hui people surnamed Bao are mainly distributed in Yunnan.

Ha surname

The surname Kazakh originated from the Bukhara royal family in Central Asia. In the Yuan Dynasty, Hasan, who lived in Tongzhi on Ping 'an Road, a doctor of Zhongfeng, and Marshal of the Xuanwei Envoy of Guangdong, and Hasin, who served as deputy envoy of the Xuanwei Department, were the second son and grandson of Saidianchi Shansidin, a descendant of King Bukhara who entered China during the Shenzong period of the Northern Song Dynasty. Among the middle and senior officials of the Yuan Dynasty, there were more than 30 people such as Haber, Habashi, Habashi, Harsha, Haichi, Hahedin, Haci, Hama and Hamiddin.

Among the Ming officials, there were Harlin (General Commander Qian Shi), Ha Ming (Royal Guards Commander), Ha Zhi (Anqing Wei Commander), Hawei Xin (Shangzhen General), Hasha (Tongguan Deputy General), and Dazhangjiao Ha San, who accompanied Zheng He to the West. In the Qing Dynasty, Ha Yuansheng, who had served as governor of Yunguichuan and prefect of Yunguizhou, had served as prefect of the Wuchang Navy, and his son Ha Shangde had served as commander of the army at the beginning of Qianlong.

In addition, Ha Panlong, who served successively as Governor of Huguang and Governor of Guizhou, was appointed as Governor of Huguang and Governor of Guizhou. His father Ha Xianwen, his grandfather Ha Yun, and his father Ha Shirong were all Tongyi doctors and waiting for Wei. Ha Guoxing, the son of Ha Panlong, was a martial scholar in the 17th year of Qianlong (1752). He served as prefect and counselor of Yungui. His younger brother Ha Guotai served as the chief officer of the Third Battalion of Patrol, Qianzong, Linyuan Town, Yunnan Province, and his sons Ha Wenlong and Ha Wenbiao also served as the Sichuan Military Camp to supplement the positions of Shaanxi Tibiao Right Battalion Garrison and Qianzong respectively.

Due to the fact that the Ha family had many families and had outstanding achievements, Emperor Qianlong wrote a praise when Ha Guoxing entered the memorial ceremony of Zhaozhong's Ci in Ziguang Pavilion after his illness and died: "The Hui people of the Central Plains have a strong and courageous nature. The Kazi family will plant every time they come out." ("Hui Nationality Records") The Hui people surnamed Ha are mainly distributed in Hebei, Jiangsu, Hubei and Northwest China.

Hao surname is distributed among the Tujia, Hui, Mongolian and other ethnic minorities. Most of its origins came from the Jimi policy implemented by the central government during the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and the movement to change the land and return the population. The surname was changed to the Han surname Hao, which has been passed down from generation to generation. The Hui people surnamed Hao are mainly distributed in the northwest.

The surname Hu is taken from the first pronunciation of the Hui name of his ancestors. According to the "History of the Yuan Dynasty·Clan Table", there are descendants of Huxin, the third son of Shansiding, and Huxian, the fourth son of Nasuci Ding, who have their surnames. Zhang Peng of the Qing Dynasty also pointed out in "Searching for the Origin of Surnames":"The Duohu family in Pucheng, Shaanxi Province should be descendants of the Yuan Hudu and Huxin." According to Jin Jitang's "The Theory of the Muslim Nation","Huxian or the descendants of Huxin are surnamed Hu." In the Yuan Dynasty, the nutritionist Hu Sihui who compiled "Drinking and Eating" was also a Hui. In addition, among the Hui people in the Yuan Dynasty, there were 25 people whose names had the prefix "Hu" and lived in Daruhuachi, among which 7 were "Huxin". The Hui people surnamed Hu are mainly distributed in Yunnan.

Ma surname

Most of the Hui people have the surname Ma. There is a saying that "ten Hui people have nine horses." There are three main origins of the Hui surname Ma.

1. People's names taken from Arabic pronunciation (scriptures) The Hui people believe in Islam, and Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula. Arabic names have many syllables, which do not sound easy. When translated into Chinese characters to express or address, a certain word or syllable of the name is often taken as the surname. The situation of taking the surname Ma from Arabic pronunciation names is complicated. "Southern Yunnan Cong Hua" states that the Arabic Han surname "is mostly the first pronunciation". For example, our Prophet was once translated as "Mahama","Mahamu","Mahamu" or simply called "Ma Sage". Another example is the "History of the Yuan Dynasty" which translates the son of the Arab "Yehediemur" as "and colluded with sand".

Xu Ke's "Waterways in the Western Regions" in the Qing Dynasty translated "the twenty-fifth generation grandson of Ali" as "Ma Emin", a direct disciple of Islam. Moreover, among the Hui people, there are especially many people who take the surname Ma, the Chinese character of the Holy Ghost, Mohammed. For example, the ancestors of the Hui people in Zhaotong in Yunnan, Huaining in Anhui, Huaiyuantang in Hubei, Nanjing in Jiangsu, Qing County in Hebei, and Linxia in Gansu were all people from the Western Regions. They were named Ma because they admired Mu Sheng, and were named "Ma Min","Ma Yize","Ma Cheng","Ma Zhen" and "Ma Zheli" respectively.

In addition, take the pronunciation of "Ma" in the "Jing Name" as the surname. For example, the "History of the Yuan Dynasty" records the descendants of "Umaer","Zhemaludin","Yisi Mayin","Murima Hema" and "Hahema", which are translated as "Mawu 'er","Marudin","Mayin","Mahema" and "Mahahe" respectively. Even if there is no word "Ma" in the name, the word "Ma" is taken because of its homophonic pronunciation.

For example, a secretary of "Muslim Ethnology" said in the Song Dynasty that "Jiyamodi was pronounced with the character de, and the mo was pronounced with Ma... named Ma Yuande". Mr. Xue Wenbo, a modern Hui scholar, said in his "Hui Family Names Kao" that "there is a fundamental difference between the origin of the Hui's Ma surname and the Han's Ma surname. The authentic origin of the Hui's Ma surname is taken from the Arabic pronunciation of names, especially their initial pronunciation." In this way, the Ma surname became one of the earliest basic surnames of the Hui people.

2. Changing the surname to the Hui nationality Ma has a long history and is quite profound, so choose more people who change their surnames. There are various reasons for changing surnames. "There are people who escape barbarians due to changes in the world... change their surname Ma"(Yunnan Zhaotong "Bao's Pedigree"). There are also people who settled down because of this. According to the "Family Tree of Ma" in Xundian, Yunnan Province: "The ancestor's surname was Na, and by the second generation... Xundian, he lived ten people in Yanzhou, and changed his surname to Ma." There is also a person who lived in seclusion. According to the Dictionary of the Hui Nationality in China, during the Yongle of the Ming Dynasty,"Saihazhi, who was an official in Beijing, later resigned and lived in western Yunnan and changed his surname to Ma." There is also a similar pronunciation."Muslim Ethnology" records that "Masuha, a Muslim in the Internal Affairs Office of the Qing Dynasty, changed his surname to Ma".

There is another one who follows his mother. Before 1949, an Arab working as a guide for China pilgrims came to Qinghai to do business. He married a Hui woman surnamed Ma in Xining and gave birth to one son and two daughters. Therefore, his children were given the surname Ma, and their children still live in Xining "(" Dictionary of Islam in China "). There are other ethnic groups who change their surnames. "History of the Yuan Dynasty":"Uyghurs learned Li Ji Si and changed Ma Qingxiang." "Annals of Hualong County, Qinghai" records that "in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Ma, an imam in Linxia, Gansu Province, came late to preach among the Tibetan people in the Kaligang area of Hualong County, Qinghai Province. Many Tibetans converted to Islam and gave up their original names related to Buddhism, taking the imam's surname as Ma."

According to the article "Anthropological Investigation of a Special Hui Group-Taking Two Hui Villages in Kaligang as Cases"(published in "Hui Studies" 2004.4),"Kaligang people are scholars 'exclusive name for the' Hui 'among the Kaligang people." Kaligang includes 16565 Hui people in the three townships of "Dehenglong, Shalianbao and Ashnu (Hui people account for 73.8% of the total population of the three townships)." According to the "Hualong County Annals","many of the Hui people in these three townships have the surname Ma." The villagers of Deyi Village in Dehenglong Township in Kaligang claimed that their ancestors were Han. After migrating here and converting to Islam, they became Hui, and later all changed their surnames to Ma. A villager said that his surname was Han, but changed his surname to Ma "after joining the church. Note ④ to the article also said that the villager's name was "Ma Ke Gong (he said that there were Han and Tibetan people in the village, and all of them changed their surnames to Ma."

3. Giving the surname Since there are many people surnamed Ma in Islam, the emperor gave it the surname Ma. "Muslim Astronomers of China Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties" records: "In the first year of Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty (1368), Ma Luodin, the State of Rumi in the Western Regions (today's Istanbul), was hired by Taizu to enter China and was awarded the post of Chief of the Temple of Heaven and Chief of the Hui Dynasty. Two sons were given the surnames of Ma Shayihei and Mahamu."In the book" History and Islamic Culture of the Hui Dynasty ", it is recorded that" Ding Yide returned to his country, and Taizu (1368-1398) gave him the surname Ma, named Xin "and" In the first year of Tianshun of Yingzong (1457), the son of Chisisi of the Hui Dynasty, was given the surname Ma Zhong, named Zheng,"and" Yingxian Piermalima of the Hui Dynasty, and was given to Ma Yaoshun." Due to the emperor's granting of surnames, it greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of the Hui people to change their surnames, which greatly increased the number of Hui people's Ma surnames, resulting in the formation of "Ten Horses and Nine Returns" across the country.

In 1990, the national census found that there were 8.6 million Hui people, with the surname Ma accounting for 66.92%. According to statistics of Hui surnames in nine Hui regions (Ningxia), prefectures (Changji, Xinjiang, Linxia, Gansu) and counties (Dachang, Mengcun, Hebei; Hualong and Hemenyuan, Qinghai; Zhangjiachuan, Gansu; Yanqi, Xinjiang) across the country, the surname Ma accounts for 71.8%. According to the previous introduction, there are two pure Hui villages in Dehenglong Township (note to this article: The entire village of pure Hui villages is Hui or more than 99% are Hui): Ghana Village and Deyi Village. There are currently 60 households in Ghana Village, headed by the surname Ma, and the majority of the households are accounted for; there are 239 households in Deyi Village, with 1235 people, all surnamed Ma. There are also more than 800 Hui people in my hometown, with the surname Ma accounting for 74.9%. Although the saying that ten Hui people have nine horses is a bit exaggerated, it is indeed a fact that the surname Ma is listed first among the Hui people. However, it is also a fact that among the Hui people,"ten Ma surnames are of different origin, and eight Ma surnames are of different origin." This reason for "one surname has multiple origins" constitutes the special group phenomenon of "ten Hui and nine horses".

Mu

The surname Mu in the Hui nationality is mainly derived from the first pronunciation of the Buddhist name. For example,"Mu Ba Ci or Mu Sha Ci Fuding is a descendant of Mu Sha Ci." "(The Dictionary of the Hui Nationality in China) has some Mu surnames, which also come from the Mu surnames. For example: "In the early Ming Dynasty, due to the Mu family's meritorious service in guarding Yunnan, he was given the surname 'Mu' by the emperor. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, some descendants of the Mu family changed Mu to wood in order to avoid disaster." ("Dictionary of the Hui People in China") During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Hui people surnamed Mu also formed a settlement in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province-Mujia Village. In the 1950s, the village also had a stone tablet titled "Mu Jifeng (Celebrating the Birth), a Imperial College Student of the Imperial College". The stone tablet was erected in the tenth year of Qianlong (1745). ("Historical Survey Records of the Hui Uprising in Shaanxi during the Tongzhi Period") The Hui people surnamed Mu are mainly distributed in Yunnan and Shaanxi.

The above are the thirteen major Hui surnames. I hope the article on World Customs Network can help you!